683,404 research outputs found
Políticas y Programas Institucionales de Investigación
No full textSe centra en fomentar una cultura de investigación que contribuya a la calidad de vida y al sentido del conocimiento, su objetivo general es fortalecer las capacidades de investigación y promover la transferencia de productos de investigación a la sociedad. Se estructura en varios ejes fundamentales, que incluyen la cultura y actitud hacia la transferencia, la gestión de productos de investigación, las relaciones interinstitucionales y la promoción y comercialización de los resultados. Además, se establecen lineamientos específicos para la formación y capacitación del capital humano, así como para la gestión de actividades investigativas. La política también contempla un sistema de seguimiento, monitoreo y evaluación para asegurar la efectividad de las acciones implementadas. Se busca generar un impacto positivo en la comunidad a través de la transferencia de conocimiento y tecnología, alineando los esfuerzos de investigación con las necesidades sociales y económicas. En este contexto, se promueve la colaboración entre diferentes instituciones y sectores, fortaleciendo así la red de conocimiento y la innovación. La política se complementa con un marco editorial que regula la producción y difusión de resultados académicos, asegurando la calidad y la accesibilidad de la información generada. En resumen, esta política busca no solo el avance académico, sino también el bienestar social a través de la investigación aplicada y la transferencia efectiva de conocimiento
Lycenchelys rassi Andriashev 1955
No full textLycenchelys rassi Andriashev, 1955 (Japanese name: Rasu-hebigenge) (Figs. 26–31; Table 7) Lycenchelys rassi Andriashev, 1955: 359, figs. 2, 5, 6 (original description, type locality: east coast of Sakhalin Island, Sea of Okhotsk); Andriashev, 1958:172 (description); Peden, 1973: 115, fig. 1, table 1 (description); Toyoshima, 1983: 269, 332, pl. 155 (description); Toyoshima, 1984: 293, pl. 274-B (brief description); Toyoshma, 1985: 149, 173, figs. 6–7, 28, 31, tables 1, 4 (description); Hatooka, 1993: 902, unnumbered fig. (key to species); Anderson, 1994: 113, 117 (species list); Amaoka et al., 1995: 240, pl. 403 (brief description); Anderson, 1995: 98, fig. 15 (description); Koyanagi, 1997: 538, fig. 4 (brief description); Hatooka, 2000: 1033, unnumbered fig. (keys to species); Mecklenburg et al., 2002: 703, unnumbered figs. (brief description); Hatooka, 2002: 1033, unnumbered fig. (keys to species); Anderson & Fedorov, 2004: 19 (species list); Shinohara & Anderson, 2007: 64 (key to species); Amaoka et al., 2011: 316, unnumbered fig. (brief description); Balushkin et al., 2011: 981, 1024 (catalog of specimens); Hatooka, 2013: 1226, unnumbered fig. (key to species); Nakabo & Hirashima, 2015: 217 (species list and etymology of scientific name). Materials examined Holotype: ZIN 32962, female, 190.6 mm SL, off eastern Sakhalin Island, Okhotsk Sea (54°28’N, 145°21.6’E), 1500 m depth, R/V Vityaz. Other specimens (57 specimens): HUMZ 77747, 119939, 120328, 120330, 120347 –49, 121156, 121451, 121458 –59, 121464, 126117–22, 126185, 126187–93, 126195–96, 126198, 126200–05, 126211, 126252, 126257, 126367–75, 126377–86, 28 males and 29 females, 93.5–239.7 mm SL, northeastern Hokkaido Island, Okhotsk Sea. Diagnosis. Vertebrae 23–25 + 98–109 = 122–134; head length 13.3–16.4% SL; interorbital pore 1; occipital pores 2; postorbital pores usually 4; suborbital pores usually 7 + 1; preoperculomandibular pores usually 8; vomerine teeth 3–11; palatine teeth 3–10, usually arranged in single row (sometimes 1–2 rows); opercular flap absent; pelvic-fin base positioned below lower edge of gill opening; lateral line complete and positioned ventrally; scales present or absent on pectoral fin and absent on its base; body uniformly grayish brown when fresh. Description. Counts and proportional measurements in Table 7. Body very elongate, cross section oval anteriorly, compressed laterally near tail; its width at anal-fin origin 2.5–4.8% SL (unknown for holotype). Head moderately long, ovoid; dorsal profile of head sloping extremely gently from posterior edge of eye to above about last postorbital pore. Cheek swollen in some males. Head in adults slightly longer in males than females. Snout short, 90.0–176.1 (141.3)% of eye diameter. Eye ovoid, moderately large. Interorbital space narrow, width 17.9–36.4 (19.0)% of eye diameter. Nostril tube long, reaching upper lip when depressed. Mouth subterminal. Posterior edge of upper jaw reaching vertical through middle to posterior part of eye in adult males, reaching vertical through anterior margin to middle of eye in females and juveniles (middle of eye). Labial lobe of lower jaw developed. Teeth on jaws sharp; upper jaw usually with 2 rows, rarely 3 rows (unknown for holotype) anteriorly, single row posteriorly; anteriormost teeth larger than other teeth; lower jaw with 2–5 irregular rows anteriorly, 1 or 1–2 rows posteriorly (unknown for holotype); vomerine and palatine teeth small and conical; vomerine teeth irregularly arranged; palatine teeth usually in single row, sometimes 1–2 rows (no data for holotype). Lower edge of gill opening slightly above lower end of pectoral-fin base. Opercular flap absent (Fig. 31A, B). Gill rakers short; those on upper limb triangular, many triangular and some blunt on lower limb (Fig. 27). Pseudobranch filaments short. Lateral line deciduous, complete and positioned ventrally; originating posterior to last postorbital pore and terminating on tail. Scales small and cycloid, present on body and tail, except head, nape, pectoral-fin base and area around pelvic fin. Scales covering basal portions of dorsal and anal fins anteriorly; extent of scaled areas gradually increasing posteriorly, except at margins. Scales present or absent on pectoral axilla and basal portions of lower pectoral-fin rays (absent). ....Continued next page Dorsal-fin origin above middle of pectoral fin; 1st dorsal-fin pterygiophore between neural spines of 4th to 6th (between 5th and 6th) vertebrae. Anal-fin origin below 17th to 20th (19th) dorsal-fin ray; 1st anal-fin pterygiophore posterior to parapophysis of ultimate or penultimate (penultimate) abdominal vertebra. Last dorsal-fin pterygiophore between neural spines of 3rd to 5th (between 3rd and 4th) preural vertebrae. Last anal-fin pterygiophore between hemal spines of 2nd to 5th (between 2nd and 3rd) preural vertebrae. Caudal fin with 1–2 (2) epural, 4–5 (4) upper hypural and 3–4 (3) lower hypural rays. Pectoral fin moderately short, reaching to about middle of abdomen; its posterior margin notched. Upper end of pectoral-fin base about on lateral midline of body. Pelvic fin short; its base at about lower edge of gill opening; its posterior margin not quite reaching pectoral-fin base. Head pores well developed and distinct. Nasal pores 2; anterior pore in front of nostril tube, posterior pore above 1st suborbital pore (Fig. 29A, B). Postorbital pores usually 4 (4), rarely 3; when 4, distance between 2nd and 3rd pores longest of those between adjacent pores; when 3, 2nd pore absent (Fig. 29A, B). Suborbital pores usually 8 (8), rarely 7 or 9; when 8, 7 pores below eye and last behind eye; when 9, 8 pores below eye and remaining pore behind eye, or 7 pores below eye and last 2 pores on ascending part of suborbital canal behind eye; 6th and 7th pores united into 1 pore on right side of HUMZ 126384 and counted as 7; 4th pore below vertical through anterior margin of eye; last pore of those below eye posterior to posterior margin of eye (Fig. 29A). Preoperculomandibular pores usually 8 (8), rarely 7 or 9; 4 on lower jaw, 1 at junction of lower jaw and preopercle, and 3 on preopercle; pore at junction of lower jaw and preopercle separated into 2 pores in some specimens and counted as 9; 1st and 2nd pores united into 1 pore on right side of HUMZ 126382, 126378 and 126211, 3rd and 4th pores united into 1 pore on left side of HUMZ 126205, and 4th and 5th pores united into 1 pore on left side of HUMZ 126382 and counted as 7; last preoperculomandibular pore posterior to lower margin of eye (Fig. 29A, C). One interorbital pore on dorsal midline anterior to middle of eyes (Fig. 29B). Occipital pores 2, positioned on either side of dorsal midline; occipital pores located anterior to 3rd postorbital pore (Fig. 29B). Color in alcohol. Holotype (based on color photograph; Fig. 28) with uniformly brown head, body and vertical fins, slightly darker pectoral fin and margin of vertical fins, dark brown opercular region and purplish gray abdomen. Most other specimens similar to holotype, and some uniformly paler than holotype. Color when fresh (based on color photograph of HUMZ 119939; Fig. 26). Head purplish brown; body and vertical fins uniformly grayish brown; margin of vertical fins dark brown; opercular region and pectoral fin blackish; abdomen purplish. Distribution. Okhotsk Sea to the eastern Bering Sea, at depths of 895–1805 m (Andriashev, 1955, 1958; Peden, 1973; Toyoshima, 1983, 1984, 1985; Anderson, 1994, 1995; Amaoka et al., 1995, 2011; Koyanagi, 1997; Hatooka, 2000, 2002, 2013; Mecklenburg et al., 2002; Anderson & Fedorov, 2004; Shinohara & Anderson, 2007; Balushkin et al., 2011; this study). Size. The largest specimen examined during this study measured 239.7 mm SL (242.9 mm TL), slightly exceeding the previously recorded maximum length of 24 cm TL (Amaoka, 2011; Hatooka, 2013). Remarks. Lycenchelys rassi resembles L. hippopotamus, L. makushok and L. melanostomias in having more than 100 total vertebrae, 1 interorbital pore, 2 occipital pores, 3–4 postorbital pores, a single ventrally positioned lateral line and no distinct spots or blotches on the body (vs. lacking this combination of characters in other species of Lycenchelys) (e.g., Andriashev, 1955; Toyoshima, 1983, 1985; Fedorov & Andriashev, 1993; Hatooka, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2013; Anderson, 1995; this study). See Remarks under accounts for L. hippopotamus and L. makushok for detailed comparisons of L. melanostomias with those two species. Although L. rassi has been previously compared with L. melanostomias (Toyoshima, 1983, 1985; Hatooka, 1993, 2000, 2002, 2013; Anderson, 1995; Shinohara & Anderson, 2007), this study found most characters considered to be useful for separating them as not valid for doing so. For example, Anderson (1995) redescribed L. rassi based on 6 specimens and claimed that L. rassi is readily separable from L. melanostomias by the following 5 characters: 3–4 postorbital, 7 + 1 or 8 + 1 suborbital and 8 preoperculomandibular pores (vs. 5, 7 + 2 and 9 pores in L. melanostomias), dorsal-fin origin associated with 5th vertebra (vs. 2nd), and stomach pale (vs. black). However, this study found the interspecific variation in the 5 characters mentioned above to be 3–4 postorbital, 7–8 + 1–2 suborbital and 7–9 preoperculomandibular pores, and 1st dorsal-fin pterygiophore located between neural spines of 4th to 6th vertebrae in L. rassi vs. 4–5, 6–7 + 2–3 and 8–9 pores, and 2nd to 5th vertebrae respctively in L. melanostomias, and the stomach in some alcohol preserved specimens of L. melanostomias is pale. See also Imamura et al. (2004) for color of stomach in the holotype of L. melanostomias. In addition, the number of total vertebrae and the length of the head, which were described as being different between L. rassi and L. melanostomias in recently published papers (Shinohara & Anderson, 2007; Hatooka, 2013), are also insufficient to clearly separate them (total vertebrae 122–134 vs. 117–124 and head length 13.3–16.4% SL vs. 11.6–15.0% SL, respectively) (Anderson, 1995; Imamura et al., 2004, 2005; this study). Therefore, these two species cannot always be separated using previously recognized diagnostic characters. This study distinguishes L. rassi from L. melanostomias by the presence or absence of the opercular flap. All specimens of L. rassi observed in this study lack the opercular flap (Fig. 31A, B), while it is present in all specimens of L. melanostomias examined (Fig. 31C, D). The absence of the opercular flap is rare in species of Lycenchelys, and Andriashev (1955) and Toyoshima (1985) started that the absence of the opercular flap is one of the characters differing between L. rassi and its congeners [vs. L. hippopotamus in Andriashev (1955) and vs. L. brevimaxillaris in Toyoshima (1985)]. Until now, the condition of the opercular flap has not been compared between L. rassi and L. melanostomias. This study concludes that the absence of the opercular flap is very valuable for separating L. rassi from L. melanostomias because it is easy to observe and there is no intraspecific variation in both species. Lycenchelys rassi is further distinguished from L. melanostomias by their different arrangements of the postorbital pores. In specimens having 4 postorbital pores, the typical condition in both species, the distance between the 2nd and 3rd pores is much greater in L. rassi (11.8–18.2% HL) than in L. melanostomias (4.1–9.2% HL) (Fig. 30). This difference is due to the positions of the 2nd pores; the 2nd pore emanates from the sphenotic and 3rd pore from the pterotic in L. rassi, while both pores emanates from the pterotic in L. melanostomias.Published as part of Kawarada, Shumpei, Imamura, Hisashi, Narimatsu, Yoji & Shinohara, Gento, 2020, Taxonomic revision of the genus Lycenchelys (Osteichthyes: Zoarcidae) in Japanese waters, pp. 1-66 in Zootaxa 4762 (1) on pages 32-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4762.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/374369
Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries-prevalence, risk factors and outcomes
No full textHypovitaminosis D is a prevalent disorder in developing countries. Clinical manifestations of hypovitaminosis D include musculoskeletal disorders, such as nonspecific muscle pain, poor muscle strength and low BMD, as well as nonmusculoskeletal disorders, such as an increased risk of respiratory infections, diabetes mellitus and possibly cardiovascular diseases. In developing countries, the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D varies widely by and within regions; prevalence ranges between 30-90percent, according to the cut-off value used within specific regions, and is independent of latitude. A high prevalence of the disorder exists in China and Mongolia, especially in children, of whom up to 50percent are reported to have serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 12.5 nmol-l. Despite ample sunshine throughout the year, one-third to one-half of individuals living in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East have serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels 25 nmol-l, according to studies published in the past decade. Hypovitaminosis D is also prevalent in children and the elderly living in Latin America. Risk factors for hypovitaminosis D in developing countries are similar to those reported in Western countries and include extremes of age, female sex, winter season, dark skin pigmentation, malnutrition, lack of sun exposure, a covered clothing style and obesity. Clinical trials to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation on classical and nonclassical clinical outcomes in developing countries are needed. © 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited. 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PTH level but not 25 (OH) vitamin D level predicts bone loss rates in the elderly
No full textWe assessed the impact of calciotropic hormones on bone loss in 195 elderly subjects. After a median follow up of 4 years, parathyroid hormone (PTH) correlated negatively with changes in bone mineral density (BMD) at all skeletal sites. After adjustment for potential predictors of bone loss in the elderly, PTH level alone explained 3percent of the variance in BMD changes at the hip. Introduction: This study assessed the impact of calciotropic hormones on bone loss rates in an elderly population-based cohort of 195 ambulatory men and women, aged 65-85 years and followed up for a median of 4 years. Methods: Calcium intake, serum calcium, and phosphorus were assessed at baseline. Serum creatinine was measured at follow up visit. The 25 (OH) vitamin D [25-OHD] and PTH were measured at baseline and at follow up. Bone mass at the lumbar spine, hip, forearm and total body, as well as body composition was measured at baseline and at follow up by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: Mean 25-OHD level was 14.7 ± 6.4 ng-ml and mean PTH level was 47.9 ± 30.4 pg-ml. Age correlated negatively with percent changes in BMD at all skeletal sites (p 0.05). Changes in body mass index (BMI) and in body composition correlated positively with BMD changes at all sites, except at the forearm. There was no correlation between 25-OHD and changes in BMD except at the trochanter (r = 0.19, p 0.008). Conversely, PTH negatively correlated with changes in BMD at all skeletal sites (r = -0.14 to -0.27, p 0.05). This correlation persisted after adjustment for age, changes in BMI, changes in fat mass and lean mass, serum creatinine, calcium intake, and 25-OHD levels. PTH level alone explained 3percent of the variance in BMD changes at all hip subregions. Conclusions: Serum PTH, but not 25-OHD, predicted bone loss rates in the elderly. Thus, it is important to normalize PTH level when correcting hypovitaminosis D in the elderly. © 2011 International Osteoporosis Foundation and National Osteoporosis Foundation.Adami S, 2009, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V20, P239, DOI 10.1007-s00198-008-0650-y; Arabi A, 2006, BONE, V39, P268, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.01.140; Baddoura R, 2007, BONE, V40, P1066, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.11.016; Bischoff-Ferrari HA, 2005, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V293, P2257, DOI 10.1001-jama.293.18.2257; Bischoff-Ferrari HA, 2004, JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC, V291, P1999, DOI 10.1001-jama.291.16.1999; Bischoff-Ferrari HA, 2004, AM J MED, V116, P634, DOI 10.1016-j.amjmed.2003.12.029; Bjornerem A, 2007, CALCIFIED TISSUE INT, V81, P65, DOI 10.1007-s00223-007-9035-z; Blain H, 2004, J GERONTOL A-BIOL, V59, P1285; Boonen S, 2007, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V92, P1415, DOI 10.1210-jc.2006-1404; Collins D, 1998, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V8, P110, DOI 10.1007-BF02672505; Deane A, 2007, BMC MUSCULOSKEL DIS, V8, DOI 10.1186-1471-2474-8-3; Dennison E, 1999, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V10, P384, DOI 10.1007-s001980050244; Emaus N, 2006, AM J EPIDEMIOL, V163, P441, DOI 10.1093-aje-kwj055; Ensrud KE, 2009, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V94, P2773, DOI 10.1210-jc.2008-2786; Fradinger EE, 2001, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V12, P24, DOI 10.1007-s001980170153; Garnero P, 2007, BONE, V40, P716, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2006.09.026; Gennari L, 2003, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V88, P5327, DOI 10.1210-jc.2003-030736; Hannan MT, 2000, J BONE MINER RES, V15, P710, DOI 10.1359-jbmr.2000.15.4.710; Ho-Pham LT, 2010, BMC MUSCULOSKEL DIS, V26, P59; KROLNER B, 1982, ACTA RADIOL DIAGN, V23, P517; Kuchuk NO, 2007, CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V67, P295, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2265.2007.02882.x; Mellstrom D, 2008, J BONE MINER RES, V23, P1548; Mosekilde L, 2008, CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V69, P1, DOI 10.1111-j.1365-2265.2007.03162.x; Pottelbergh V, 2003, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V88, P075; Rand T, 1997, CALCIFIED TISSUE INT, V35, P667; Reid IR, 2008, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V19, P595, DOI 10.1007-s00198-007-0492-z; RIGGS BL, 1986, NEW ENGL J MED, V314, P1676, DOI 10.1056-NEJM198606263142605; Sahota O, 2004, BONE, V35, P312, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2004.02.003; Salamoun MM, 2005, EUR J CLIN NUTR, V59, P177, DOI 10.1038-sj.ejcn.1602056; Stewart KJ, 2005, AM J PREV MED, V28, P453, DOI 10.1016-j.amepre.2005.02.003; Stone K, 1998, J BONE MINER RES, V13, P1167, DOI 10.1359-jbmr.1998.13.7.1167; van Schoor NM, 2008, BONE, V42, P260, DOI 10.1016-j.bone.2007.11.002; Yoshimura N, 2011, J BONE MINER METAB, V29, P96, DOI 10.1007-s00774-010-0197-9; Zhai G, 2008, OSTEOPOROSIS INT, V19, P1211, DOI 10.1007-s00198-008-0562-x17141
Postprandial ghrelin and PYY responses of male subjects on low carbohydrate meals to varied balancing proportions of proteins and fats
No full textPurpose: This study was conducted to investigate whether a higher proportion of protein or fat is more favorable for optimal ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) release in subjects consuming low carbohydrate meals. Methods: Eight normal weight men received, on three separate occasions, high protein low fat (HPLF) (40percent protein, 25percent fat), low protein high fat (LPHF) (10percent protein, 55percent fat) or medium protein medium fat (MPMF) (25percent protein, 40percent fat) meals, with equal low carbohydrates content in all three meals (35percent of energy). Postprandial blood samples were collected before and 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 min following the ingestion of each meal. Plasma acylated ghrelin and PYY 3-36 as well as serum insulin, glucose and triglycerides were measured. Results: Comparing meals and considering each time point separately, a trend for a statistically significant difference in acylated ghrelin was observed between HPLF and LPHF meals and a statistically significant change of PYY from baseline was noted between HPLF and LPHF meals as compared to the MPMF meal at certain time points. When data were pooled together, a statistically significant difference in acylated ghrelin change from baseline was observed between HPLF and LPHF meals, while both HPLF and LPHF meals resulted in a significantly higher PYY3-36 release in comparison to MPMF meal. AUC data analysis for PYY3-36 revealed significantly higher values following HPLF in comparison to MPMF meal. Correlation analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between acylated ghrelin and insulin only with the HPLF meal. Postprandial glucose and triglyceride levels were not significantly different between the three meals. 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Cellular Communications Using Aerial Platforms
No full textThis paper is devoted to the study of cellular communications using aerial platforms (APs). A set of key equations is derived that quantify the coverage area on the ground as a function of AP elevation, the operation of the adaptive multibeam antenna on the AP, and the formulation of contiguous terrestrial cells and their shapes. Specifically, we consider the deployment of an AP to provide terrestrial mobile radio communications using the universal mobile telecommunication system operating in its wide-band code-division multiple-access mode. Calculations are made of the number of users versus Eb/No for different service rates. Multi-tiered cellular structures having cells of different size that are steerable with the offered teletraffic are examined. The array structure to achieve this is identified. The preliminary results shows that an AP at a height of 21 km covers an area of radius 517 km. Up to 21 users per cell with a service rate of 8 kb/s can be accommodated in the 2.2-GHz band. These services can be provided within an area of radius 70 km with transmitted powers of less than 1 W. High system capacity is proved to be possible by constructing cells of radius as small as 100 m using square planar arrays with dimensions of less than 12 m x 12 m. The AP system provides high capacity and Doppler frequency shifts that only originate from roving mobiles
Análisis de redes egocéntricas con R (I) : introducción a R
No full textEste texto es el primero de una serie de cuatro que conjuntamente constituyen un taller sobre análisis de ego-redes (y/o redes personales) con R. El texto está acompañado por ficheros de datos y los scripts de lenguaje R necesarios para realizar las actividades propuestas.This text is the first of a series of four documents that together constitute a workshop on analysis of ego-networks (and / or personal networks) using R. The text is accompanied by data files and the R scripts necessary to carry out the suggested activities
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
El nuevo proceso civil y mercantil salvadoreño
No full textPrincipios rectores, jurisdicción y competencia en el nuevo Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil. Las partes procesales. De las acumulaciones en el Código Procesal. Civil y Mercantil. El objeto del proceso. Actividad procesal. Los procesos. Aproximación a las nulidades procesales en el Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil. Cuestiones incidentales y su repercusión en el devenir del Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil. La prueba en el Código Procesal Civil y Mercantil. Práctica de los medios probatorios a través del interrogatorio. Medidas cautelares en el Código Procesal, Civil y Mercantil. Medios de impugnación (apelación y revocatoria). Recurso de casación y revisión de sentencias firmes. La ejecución forzosa. Tercería. Realización de bienes. Liquidación de cantidades.Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvado
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
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