1,720,988 research outputs found
Etude de l'allumage par laser de mélanges en phase liquide dispersée et gazeuse
No full textThe study of ignition of fuel/oxidizer mixtures is of fundamental and crucial importance for the internal combustion engines and for the gas turbines. A new method of ignition, recently used, consists in creating a spark by focusing of a laser beam. The objective of this work is to carry out a parametric study of this mode of lighting for mixtures in liquid dispersed and gas phases, as well as contributing to the comprehension of the physical phenomena related to optical breakdown, both in the air and in flammable mixtures. Plasmas met are characterized in terms of concentrations and electronic temperatures, before presenting the parametric study of breakdown in the air and the lighting of the gas and two phase mixtures. The importance of the dynamics induced by the laser spark on the evolution of the structure and the shape of the ignition kernel is considered. The role of the aberrations, and in particular of the spherical aberration, is carefully studied from the theoretical point of view. Important conclusions on the interpretation of the experimental results are then drawn. The determination of the breakdown threshold, as well as the identification of the determining processes are analyzed in the light of a model based on the determination of the evolution of the concentration of free electrons in focal volume. Finally, the feasibility of laser lighting at the outlet of a lean prevaporized premixed injector is proven.L'étude de l'allumage d'un mélange gazeux combustible/comburant est d'un intérêt fondamentale et d'une importance cruciale dans les moteurs à combustion interne et dans les turbines à gaz. Une nouvelle méthode d'allumage, récemment utilisée, consiste à créer une étincelle par focalisation d'un faisceau laser.L'objectif du présent travail est d'effectuer une étude paramétrique de ce mode d'allumage pour des mélanges en phases liquides dispersées et gazeuses, ainsi que d'apporter une contribution à la compréhension des phénomènes physiques liés au claquage optique, aussi bien dans l'air que dans les mélanges inflammables. Les plasmas rencontrés sont caractérisés, en termes de concentrations et de températures électroniques, avant d'aborder l'étude paramétrique du claquage dans l'air et de l'allumage des mélanges gazeux et diphasiques inflammables. L'importance de la dynamique induite par l'étincelle laser sur l'évolution de la structure et de la forme du noyau d'allumage est considérée. Le rôle des aberrations, et en particulier de l'aberration sphérique, est soigneusement étudié du point de vue théorique. Des conclusions importantes sur l'interprétation des résultats expérimentaux sont dégagées. La détermination des seuils de claquage, ainsi que l'identification des processus déterminants, sont analysés à la lumière d'un modèle basé sur la détermination de l'évolution de la concentration d'électrons libres dans le volume focal. Finalement, la faisabilité de l'allumage laser à la sortie d'un injecteur prévaporisé, prémélangé en régime pauvre est démontrée
On the Evaluation of the Integral ∫<sup>∞</sup><sub>0</sub> x<sup>-a</sup> (1- sin<sup>b</sup>x/x<sup>b</sup>) dx
No full textInternational audienc
Shock-Induced Aerodynamic Fragmentation of a Liquid Droplet
No full textCe travail de thèse propose une description originale de la fragmentation aérodynamique d’une goutte d’eau, induite par une onde de choc plane, pour des régimes à la frontière entre les modes gouvernés par l’instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor et ceux dominés par l’instabilité de Kelvin-Helmholtz. Un banc expérimental composé d’un tube à choc couplé à des diagnostics d’imagerie rapide est exploité pour caractériser les processus de fragmentation. Les résultats expérimentaux sont complétés par des simulations numériques réalisées à partir du code multiphasique compressible open-source ECOGEN. L’effet de l’onde de choc sur la goutte est évalué grâce à une modélisation théorique basée sur l’acoustique géométrique permettant de décrire la dynamique spatio-temporelle des réflexions d’onde à l’intérieur de la goutte et de prédire le lieu des points de plus haute densité d’énergie. Le champ de pression est résolu à partir de simulations numériques qui indiquent que la tension de rupture de l’eau est atteinte pour une onde de choc évoluant à un nombre de Mach de 1.7. Dès lors, un processus de cavitation dont les conséquences sur la dynamique de la fragmentation pourraient être significatives, est possible. Concernant la dynamique interfaciale, les expériences comme les simulations révèlent le développement d’une perturbation azimutale transverse à l’origine d’une structure ligamentaire périodique. Une analyse de Fourier des résultats numériques 3-D suggère que l’initiation de cette déstabilisation est indépendante des effets capillaires, à l’inverse de sa croissance. La dynamique ligamentaire apparaît être un processus cyclique dont la fréquence est celle du lâché de vortex dans le sillage del a goutte. Ce schéma récurrent cesse après quatre cycles. Il s’en suit alors la perte de l’intégrité structurelle du corps résiduel de la goutte des suites du développement d’une cavité gazeuse, dans le liquide, qui agit comme une région de fragilité et donc, facilite la fragmentation.This thesis proposed a groundbreaking description of the shock-induced aerodynamic fragmentation of a water droplet at the transition of the Rayleigh-Taylor Piercing and the Shear-Induced Entrainment regimes. An experimental facility consisting of a shock tube and high-speed imaging diagnostics is used to investigate the fragmentation processes. Experimental results are supported with numerical simulations performed with the open-source code ECOGEN dedicated to multiphase compressible flows. The shock wave effect on the droplet is assessed by a theoretical modelling based on geometrical acoustics which allows for the description of the wave spatio-temporal dynamics and enables to predict the time-dependent location of the highest energy density. Pressure fields are determined using numerical simulations. It appears that the water tensile rupture is reached for a shock wave Mach number of 1.7 from which bubble cloud cavitation may occur by causing signification changes in the fragmentation dynamics. As regards to the interfacial dynamics, both experiments and numerical simulations show the development of a transverse azimutal modulation resulting in the periodic ligament structure at the droplet surface. Contrary to the modulation growth, its initiation seems to be independent of the capillary effects as revealed by a Fourier analysis of the 3-D numerical results. The ligament dynamics is a cyclic process driven by the vortex shedding process in the wake of the droplet. Four cycles have been observed before the residual droplet core breaks up owing to the growth of an air cavity inside the droplet that acts as weak spot, and thus facilitating the droplet split-off
Laser Ignition of Flammable Mixtures via a Solid Core Optical Fiber
No full textInternational audienc
Laser Ignition of Bulk Iron, Mild Steel, and Stainless Steel in Oxygen Atmospheres
Full text linkThe ignition of pure iron, mild steel S355J, and stainless steel 316L has been investigated. The whole ignition and combustion processes have been monitored using a high-speed video camera and adapted pyrometry. Our results show that the absorptivity of the iron and mild steel to laser radiation increases rapidly at 850 K, from 0.45 to 0.7, and that of stainless steel increases more gradually during the heating process from 0.45 to 0.7. The ignition of iron, mild steel, and stainless steel is controlled by a transition temperature, at which the diffusivity of the metal increases sharply. The transition temperature of pure iron and mild steel is around 1750 K, when molten material appears, and that of stainless steel is around 1900 K, when the solid oxide layer loses its protective properties. These temperatures are independent of the oxygen pressure (from 2 to 20 bar) and of the laser intensity (from 1.6 to 34 kW•cm ). During ignition, the temperature increases very strongly at first, and after that a change in the heating rate of the surface is observed. A diffusive-reactive model, provided with equations describing the diffusion of oxygen in the metal and the transfer of heat released by the oxidation reactions has been solved. The model correctly reproduces the sharp rise of temperature as well as the decrease in the heating rate that follows. Comparison between calculated and experimental data shows that, without liquid convection flow in the melt, combustion would extinguish as soon as the metal surface is fully oxidized and that the combustion front moves into the metal
Comparison of the structure of a boundary layer type diffusion flame in normal and microgravity environment
No full textInternational audienc
Liquid phase combustion of iron in an oxygen atmosphere
Full text linkIn this article, we report an investigation of laser-initiated ignition of pure iron rods, using optical pyrometry, video observations, and analysis of metallographic cross section of quenched burning liquid on copper plates. When ignition occurs, caused by the melting of metal, the combustion takes place in the liquid. Two distinct superposed phases (L1 and L2) are identified in the liquid, according to the known phase diagram of the iron oxide system. Our observations show that the L1 and L2 phases can be either distinct and immiscible or mixing together. The temperature of the transition at which the mixing occurs is around 2350 K. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the mixing occurring at high temperature: the spontaneous emulsification resulting from a strong decrease of the interfacial tension between L1 and L2 and the reduction of the miscibility gap between them at high temperature. Based on the experimental data of the evolution of the temperature and the video observation of the melt for different ignition conditions, we provide a complete description of the combustion process of iron induced by laser. Eventually, an extrapolation of the iron–oxygen phase diagram, to temperatures higher than 2000 K, is proposed
Qualitative description of the structure of a boundary layer type diffusion flame in normal and reduced gravity
No full textInternational audienc
High-magnification shadowgraphy for the study of drop breakup in a high-speed gas flow
No full textInternational audienceDirect observation of the droplet breakup process in high-speed gas flows is a critical challenge that needs to be addressed to elucidate the physical mechanisms underlying the fragmentation phenomenon. Here, we present a high-magnification and high-speed shadowgraph technique that allows the visualization of this process over its whole evolution and resolves detailed features of the breakup zone. The developed experimental method uses a high-speed camera equipped with a long-distance microscope. The backlight illumination source is provided by the laser-induced fluorescence of a dye solution that delivers short pulses at a high-repetition rate. Artifacts resulting from the laser coherence are therefore reduced
- …
