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Emerging mobile territories : matters to think about the city, explorations in architectures and digital urban practices
No full textDepuis plusieurs décennies le « réseau numérique » est entré dans nos vies. L'introduction de ce réseau par les nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication (NTIC) ne s'est faite sentir que dans les années 1980. Depuis 2008, c'est surtout l'internet des objets (Internet of Things) qui marque notre quotidien et celui de la ville. En s'accrochant à la ville sous forme d'un ensemble de réseaux d'information l'internet des objets est en train de former une nouvelle architecture de la communication par l'intermédiaire des objets techniques. Les objets techniques font, dorénavant, partie du corps de leurs utilisateur.trice.s dont le nombre augmente à une vitesse ahurissante. Oosterman l'explique déjà en 2011 en faisant référence à une « bulle d'information » qui enveloppe les individus. D'après lui l'interaction des objets avec l'environnement urbain et architectural est devenue tellement raffinée que les objets techniques arrivent à s'approcher des citadins individuellement voire les englober. Contrairement à ce que nous pourrions penser, au lieu d'occuper une place importante dans les champs de vision des agents de la ville, les objets techniques et leurs effets ont commencé à disparaitre progressivement de nos champs d'attention cognitive. Les techniques sont dorénavant partout et nulle part dans nos champs d'attention. Elles sont utilisées en étant peu à peu appropriées, intégrées par le corps et l'environnement de leurs usagers. La principale conséquence est qu'elles rapprochent ces différents utilisateur.trice.s en transformant les états, les natures et les utilisations des objets techniques dans le temps et l'espace. Désormais les techniques renouvellent et transforment les usages de l'espace architectural, urbain et paysager. La boucle générée par l'utilisation des objets techniques et le développement des techniques produit une quantité inestimable d'informations. Puisque les objets techniques disparaissent du champ de vision des agents de la ville, pourrions-nous dire pareil des informations qu'elles créent ? Est-ce que ces outils ignorés ne nous informent pas également sur les informations disparues ? Est-ce que ces informations sont vraiment disparues et ne peuvent rien nous apprendre ? Nous savons que les objets techniques organisent, totalisent et structurent des territoires dans la « technosphère ». Elle a différentes interprétations selon les chercheur.e.s : elle est appelée « système technique » par Ellul et Gille, « appareillage scientifico-industriel » par Gehlen, ou encore « Gestell » (arraisonnement, dis-position,...) par Heidegger. Dans le cadre de la thèse, il est supposé que la technosphère n'a pas de limite. La production exponentielle des informations s'y accumule d'une manière invisible. La thèse s'intéresse aux informations « invisibles » produites de par les utilisateur.trice.s des objets techniques de la technosphère. Il est supposable que ces informations nous fournissent des éléments clés sur la vie de ces utilisateur.trice.s des objets techniques qui sont également usagers de l'espace urbain et architectural. La thèse se développe dans le but de répondre à ces questions par une méthodologie qui utilise, comme outil hypothétique, le paradigme des « territoires personnels privés mobiles ». Cet outil hypothétique théorisé dans le corps de la thèse est utilisé pour comprendre la couche d'informations invisibles des territoires du XXIème siècle à l'ère des NTIC. Il permet de faire la lecture et l'écriture des territoires physiques via des informations quantitatives et qualitatives des usagers des espaces urbains. Les villes d'Istanbul, de Strasbourg et de Stockholm sont choisies comme études de cas majeurs de la thèse.For several decades the "digital network" has entered our lives. The introduction of this network by new information and communication technologies (NTIC) only made itself felt in the 1980s. Since 2008, it is above all the Internet of Things which marks our daily life and the city. By clinging to the city in the form of a set of information networks, the Internet of Things is in the process of forming a new communication architecture via technical objects. Technical objects are now part of the body of their users, the number of which is increasing at an astonishing speed. Oosterman already explained it in 2011 by referring to an "information bubble" that surrounds individuals. According to him, the interaction of objects with the urban and architectural environment has become so refined that technical objects manage to approach city dwellers individually or even encompass them. Contrary to what we might think, instead of occupying an important place in the fields of vision of city agents, technical objects and their effects began to gradually disappear from our fields of cognitive attention. Techniques are now everywhere and nowhere in our fields of attention. They are used by being gradually appropriated, integrated by the body and the environment of their users. The main consequence is that they bring these different users together by transforming the states, natures and uses of technical objects in time and space. From now on, techniques are renewing and transforming the uses of architectural, urban and landscape space. The loop generated by the use of technical objects and the development of techniques produces an invaluable amount of information. Since technical objects disappear from the field of vision of city agents, could we say the same of the information they create? Don't these ignored tools also inform us about missing information? Is this information really gone and can't tell us anything? We know that technical objects organize, totalize and structure territories in the 'technosphere'. It has different interpretations according to researchers: it is called 'technical system' by Ellul and Gille, 'scientific-industrial apparatus' by Gehlen, or even 'Gestell' (boarding, dis-position, etc.) by Heidegger. As part of the thesis, it is assumed that the technosphere has no limit. The exponential production of information accumulates there in an invisible way. The thesis focuses on the "invisible" information produced by the users of technical objects in the technosphere. It is likely that this information provides us with key elements on the life of these users of technical objects who are also users of urban and architectural space. The thesis is developed with the aim of answering these questions through a methodology that uses, as a hypothetical tool, the paradigm of 'mobile private personal territories'. This hypothetical tool theorized in the body of the thesis is used to understand the layer of invisible information of the territories of the 21st century in the era of NTIC. It makes it possible to read and write physical territories via quantitative and qualitative information from users of urban spaces. The cities of Istanbul, Strasbourg and Stockholm are chosen as major case studies of the thesis
Hannah Fry, Hello world: how to be human in the age of the machine, London, Penguin Random House, 2019.
No full textMobile Territories as a New Unexplored Layer towards Sustainable Mobility: the Case of Istanbul 1850-2022
Get PDFEveryone is enveloped by a “bubble” of information that accompanies them in the urban space of the 21st
century. Each one is equipped with an individualised technical object, manages his/her own information
bubble. These objects and information bubbles act as tools for socio-spatial reading of territories thanks to
the Internet of Things.
We have sought to launch a reflection on the cartographic reading of mobility in territories via mobile
technical objects. This paper proposes to deepen this reflection according to a cartographic methodology
around the case of Istanbul: how the global technical knowledge transformed into a technical object is
assimilated to the logic of the axes of mobility, makes it possible to read the transformation of Istanbul.
According to this logic, what scenarios of sustainable urban mobility systems are possible for Istanbul in the
future?
We hypothesised that technical objects could lead us to the development of mobile territories. These moving
territories would allow us to map the sustainable mobility networks of the future and would constitute a
continuity with those of the past.
Our results showed that non-visible factors such as digital traces of individualised technical objects create
mobile territories. These territories are like a tool to better understand the organism of the city with its
inhabitants as urban designers over time
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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