276 research outputs found
Tanacetum vulgare (Common Tansy) : Common Tansy
No full textClass: Dicotyledoneae
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tanacetum
Species: vulgar
Tanacetum vulgare (Common Tansy) : Common Tansy
No full textClass: Dicotyledoneae
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Tanacetum
Species: vulgar
Descurainia pinnata (Green Tansy mustard) : Green Tansy mustard
No full textClass: Dicotyledoneae
Family: Cruciferae
Genus: Descurainia
Species: pinnat
Sophia hartwegiana (Hartweg's Tansy Mustard) : Hartweg's Tansy Mustard
No full textClass: Dicotyledoneae
Family: Cruciferae
Genus: Sophia
Species: hartwegian
Characteristics and contraceptive outcomes of women seeking medical or surgical abortion in reproductive health clinics in Cambodia.
No full textBACKGROUND: Since the approval of medical abortion in Cambodia in 2010, the proportion of women reporting an abortion has increased. We describe the characteristics and contraceptive outcomes of women seeking medical abortion compared to surgical abortion at four reproductive health clinics in Cambodia. METHODS: Secondary data analysis using data collected in the MObile Technology for Improved Family Planning (MOTIF) trial, a single blind, randomized trial of a personalized, mobile phone-based intervention designed to support post-abortion family planning in Cambodia. Baseline interviews were conducted after women had received post-abortion family planning counselling at the clinic, and follow-up interviews were conducted at 4 and 12 months. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between abortion type and baseline characteristics, contraceptive uptake, repeat pregnancy and repeat abortion. We conducted an exploratory analysis to compare the timing of initiation of long-acting (LA) contraception between women having medical versus surgical abortion over the four-month post-abortion period. RESULTS: Of the 500 women who participated in the trial, 41% had a medical abortion. In multivariate analyses, women undergoing medical abortion were more likely to be urban residents, have a higher level of education, be undecided or not intending to use family planning, and be undecided or intending to have another child. There was no association between type of abortion and contraceptive uptake, repeat pregnancy or repeat abortion. Women who had medical abortion initiated LA contraception post abortion later than women who had surgical abortion. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest women having a medical abortion in Cambodia have different baseline characteristics and had delayed uptake of contraception compared to women having a surgical abortion. However, we cannot draw conclusions on the direction of associations and causality. Further research is recommended to explore reasons for the observed findings with view to increasing access to abortion and post-abortion contraception
Impact of health education on active trachoma in hyperendemic rural communities in Ethiopia.
No full textOBJECTIVE: Trachoma is one of the leading preventable causes of blindness worldwide. We evaluate the impact of a health education program on the prevalence of active trachoma in children 3 to 9 years old. DESIGN: Community randomized intervention study. Data were collected by means of cross-sectional surveys before and after intervention. PARTICIPANTS: Within 40 rural Ethiopian communities, households were selected at random, and all 3- to 9-year-old children within households were invited for examination. METHODS: Health education messages broadcast by radio were received by all communities. Nongovernmental organization activities to prevent trachoma, based on the SAFE (surgery for trichiasis, antibiotic treatment, face washing, and environmental improvements) strategy, were received by 30 of the 40 communities. Ten of these communities received enhanced educational messages using videos. Cluster summary measures were compared across surveys and intervention arms. Active trachoma at follow-up was modeled using random-effects logistic regression, adjusting for baseline prevalence and study area variability, at the cluster and individual level. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Active trachoma in 3- to 9-year-old children and adult knowledge and behavior related to the nature and transmission of trachoma infection. RESULTS: At baseline, 1410 of 1960 (72%) children examined and, at follow-up, 1289 of 2008 (64%) had active trachoma. The overall reduction in prevalence at cluster level was 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4%-12%; P<0.001). There was a statistically significant increase in the awareness of trachoma. After adjustment for area and cluster level baseline prevalence, the odds of active trachoma were reduced in both intervention arms, standard (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.53-1.16) and enhanced (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.48-1.21), compared with the control arm, but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, there was a small but statistically significant reduction in the prevalence of active trachoma between surveys, but differences between the 3 intervention arms were not statistically significant. Awareness of trachoma control increased in all communities, but there was little change in behavior associated with the transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis. It is therefore unlikely that observed reductions in active trachoma were solely due to health education
Practical inference for a complier average causal effect in cluster randomised trials with a binary outcome.
No full textBACKGROUND: Individual non-compliance with an intervention in cluster randomised trials can occur and estimating an intervention effect according to intention-to-treat ignores non-compliance and underestimates efficacy. The effect of the intervention among compliers (the complier average causal effect) provides an unbiased estimate of efficacy but inference can be complex in cluster randomised trials. METHODS: We evaluated the performance of a pragmatic bootstrapping approach accounting for clustering to obtain a 95% confidence interval (CI) for a CACE for cluster randomised trials with monotonicity and one-sided non-compliance. We investigated a variety of scenarios for correlated cluster-level prevalence of a binary outcome and non-compliance (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%). Cluster randomised trials were simulated with the minimum number of clusters to provide at least 80% and at least 90% power, to detect an ITT odds ratio (OR) of 0.5 with 100 individuals per cluster. RESULTS: Under all non-compliance scenarios (5%-40%), there was negligible bias for the CACE. In the worst-case of bias, a true OR of 0.18 was estimated as 0.15 for the rarest outcome (5%) and highest non-compliance (40%). There was no under-coverage of bootstrap CIs. CIs were the correct width for an outcome prevalence of 20%-40% but too wide for a less common outcome. Loss of power for a CACE bootstrap analysis versus ITT regression analysis increased as the prevalence of the outcome decreased across all non-compliance scenarios, particularly for an outcome prevalence of less than 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Our bootstrapping approach provides an accessible and computationally simple method to evaluate efficacy in support of ITT analyses in cluster randomised trials
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