1,720,991 research outputs found
Intraoperative fluid balance: what to measure?
No full textProviding the inside track on how the experts approach and deal with real-world clinical scenarios, Challenging Concepts in Anaesthesia selects specific challenging cases that are encountered in everyday clinical practice but do not have simple answers. A case-based guide to challenging areas in anaesthesia and pain management, this book covers the major sub-specialty areas in both fields. Complex cases are comprehensively examined from a multidisciplinary perspective with detailed consideration given to management options and the contemporary evidence base behind these decisions. An effective revision aid and a reference during workplace-based assessments, Challenging Concepts in Anaesthesia highlights critical information through the use of boxed features: 'Learning points', 'Clinical tips', 'Evidence-base'. Each chapter has been reviewed by a national or international expert in the field and they have provided an 'Expert commentary', giving a unique insight into how today's opinion leaders confront and deal with the very same management challenges that all clinicians can potentially face on a daily basis. Mapped to the Royal College of Anaesthetists' matrix for CME and the FRCA syllabus, this book is ideal for continuing medical education and revalidation as well as for trainees preparing for examinations
Perioperative haemodynamic optimisation
No full textThe use of fluid and inotropic therapies to optimise global haemodynamic variables, in particular oxygen delivery, in critically ill patients has been a controversial area of research for more than 25 years. The aim of this review is to describe the current evidence base for this treatment and how concepts of haemodynamic optimisation have evolved in recent years. The inconsistent findings of a large number of small phase II trials continue to stimulate the debate about the value of this treatment approach. However, important recent developments include the use of optimisation only during periods of resuscitation, more cautious doses of fluid and/or inotropic therapy, confirmation that pulmonary artery catheter use does not result in excess mortality and an improved understanding of the mechanistic effects of haemodynamic optimisation. These advances in our understanding have now informed the design of large randomised trials in various patient groups. The true value of haemodynamic optimisation is likely to be confirmed or refuted within the next 5 years
Fluid therapy in critical illness
No full textMajor surgery and critical illnesses such as sepsis and trauma all disturb normal physiological fluid handling. Intravenous fluid therapy for resuscitation and fluid maintenance is a central part of medical care during these conditions, yet the evidence base supporting practice in this area lacks answers to a number of important questions. Recent research developments include a refinement of our knowledge of the endothelial barrier structure and function and a focus on the potential harm that may be associated with intravenous fluid therapy. Here, we briefly describe the contemporary view of fluid physiology and how this may be disrupted by pathological processes. The important themes in critical illness fluid research are discussed, with a particular focus on two emerging ideas: firstly, that individualising fluid treatment to the patient, their underlying disease state and the phase of that illness may be key to improving clinical outcomes using fluid interventions and, secondly, that fluids should be considered to be drugs, with specific indications and contraindications, dose ranges and potential toxicities
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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