1,720,976 research outputs found
The inequality of maternal health in urban sub-Saharan Africa
No full textNumerous studies document the urban poor disadvantage in child health conditions in African cities. This study uses DHS data from 23 countries in sub-Saharan Africa to examine whether the urban poor experience comparable disadvantages in maternal health. The results show that although the urban poor on average receive better antenatal and delivery care than rural residents, they consistently have poorer maternal health indicators than the urban non-poor. Further analyses based on a multilevel approach reveal significant variations in urban maternal health inequalities across countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The urban poor disadvantage is more pronounced in countries with better average maternal health indicators, where the urban poor tend to be even worse off than rural residents
Working in Green Cities: Improving the Urban Environment While Creating Jobs and Enhancing Working Conditions
No full textMistreatment of migrant construction workers : Trajectory from the past to the present and into the future
Full text linkLabour migration is as old as human history. Based on current and centuries old practices, labour abuse in the construction industry is perhaps as old as humankind.
With demographic changes in developed nations and poverty which afflicts labour -rich countries, labour migration is expected to continue in the future. This chapter posits
that mistreatment of construction migrants in the future is likely to persist. Urban growth and physical infrastructure development of many nations owe in large part to the internal as well as international movement of construction workers, between developing and developed countries which is often the subject of interest, but also between developing countries and between developed countries. Such traverses give rise to labour abuse being global in nature. So dependent are labour-abundant developing countries on remittances by their citizens abroad that during the drafting of the General Agreement of Trade in Services (GATS), 1 they advocated for free movement of workers to be allowed as part of its provision, but their effort failed. In their final destinations, these migrants are often treated poorly by their construction employers: exploitative wages, insecure employment and forced labour, low safety
standards and poor living conditions being the common features. Structural changes in the modern-day construction industry reinforced by discriminatory legislation and
judicial systems of host countries have further entrenched undesirable mistreatment of migrants. Central to this poor treatment is the perception of these workers as no more
than disposable construction resources. Given these hurdles, this chapter ends by asking whether fair, safe and decent employment will ever be available worldwide for migrant construction workers. All relevant international organisations and nongovernment organisations (NGOs) should orchestrate their efforts for greater impact, as demonstrated by the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (usually given the short-hand title 'Global Compact') which was endorsed by the United
Nations General Assembly on 19 December 2018
Urban management, the provision of public services and intra-urban differentials in Nairobi
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
- …
