7 research outputs found
The role of evolving niche choice in herbivore adaptation to host plants
No full textNabutanyi P, Edison A, Czuppon P, Xu S, Wittmann M. The role of evolving niche choice in herbivore adaptation to host plants. Journal of evolutionary biology. 2025;38(3):305-319.Individuals living in heterogeneous environments often choose microenvironments that provide benefits to their fitness. Theory predicts that such niche choice can promote rapid adaptation to novel environments and help maintain genetic diversity. An open question of large applied importance is how niche choice and niche choice evolution affect the evolution of insecticide resistance in phytophagous insects. We, therefore, developed an individual-based model based on phytophagous insects to examine the evolution of insecticide resistance and niche choice via oviposition preferences. To find biologically realistic parameter ranges, we performed an empirical literature survey on insecticide resistance in major agricultural pests and also conducted a density-dependent survival experiment using potato beetles. We find that, in comparison to a scenario where individuals randomly oviposit eggs on toxic or non-toxic plants, the evolution of niche choice generally leads to slower evolution of resistance and facilitates the coexistence of different phenotypes. Our simulations also reveal that recombination rate and dominance effects can influence the evolution of both niche choice and resistance. Thus, this study provides new insights into the effects of niche choice on resistance evolution and highlights the need for more studies on the genetic basis of resistance and choice. © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Evolutionary Biology
Bulk segregant analysis reveals genomic regions associated with imidacloprid resistance in the Colorado potato beetle
No full textEdison A, Narimanov N, Duchen P, Xu S. Bulk segregant analysis reveals genomic regions associated with imidacloprid resistance in the Colorado potato beetle. bioRxiv. 2025.**Abstract**
Given the increased accessibility of genomic techniques, the speed of evolution of resistance, and the large number of genes involved in resistance, investigations into the genetic basis of resistance in more species are pertinent. Despite being an important agricultural pest, only a limited number of genetic mapping studies based on crossed populations have been performed to identify genes involved in resistance in the Colorado potato beetle (
Leptinotarsa decemlineata
, CPB). Here, we performed bulk segregant analysis on a mapping population generated by creating advanced intercross lines from five European strains of CPB. We identified eight peaks across chromosomes 1,8,10, and 16 involved in resistance against the neonicotinoid, imidacloprid. We identified 337 genes within these peaks and shortlisted three candidates based on gene expression and functional annotation. Among the three candidates thus identified, we found that an ABC transporter and a galactosyl transferase are expressed in relatively higher amounts in a relatively more susceptible strain than in a resistant strain. We attempted to validate the role of these two genes in insecticide resistance by knocking them down in a resistant strain using RNA interference (RNAi) and performing toxicity experiments. Surprisingly, our results showed that the activation of RNAi machinery reduced imidacloprid resistance and the effect is not specific to the tested candidate genes, which raised a concern on the suitability of using RNAi for validating insecticide resistance mechanisms in CPB.
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Evidence of active oviposition avoidance to systemically applied imidacloprid in the Colorado potato beetle
No full textEdison A, Michelbach A, Sowade D, et al. Evidence of active oviposition avoidance to systemically applied imidacloprid in the Colorado potato beetle. Insect Science. 2024.Agricultural pests can develop behavioral resistance to insecticides by choosing to feed or oviposit on insecticide‐free hosts. As young larvae have relatively low mobility, oviposition preferences from female adults may play a critical role in shaping the evolutionary trajectory of pest populations. While oviposition avoidance of insecticide‐treated hosts was found in different agriculture pests, it remains unclear whether female adults actively choose to occupy insecticide‐free hosts. To address this question, we investigated feeding and oviposition preferences between imidacloprid‐treated and imidacloprid‐free plants in the Colorado potato beetle,Leptinotarsa decemlineataSay, a major potato pest. We performed behavioral choice assays on two strains that differed in both fecundity and insecticide resistance. We found that one strain preferred to feed on the insecticide‐free plants and that this preference is not innate. Meanwhile, the other strain chose plants for feeding and oviposition randomly. Further analyses of the moving patterns of the beetles suggested that the oviposition preference in the first strain is likely due to active learning
Bulk segregant analysis reveals genomic regions associated with imidacloprid resistance in the Colorado potato beetle
No full textGiven the increased accessibility of genomic techniques, the speed of evolution of resistance, and the large number of genes involved in resistance, investigations into the genetic basis of resistance in more species are pertinent. Despite being an important agricultural pest, only a limited number of genetic mapping studies based on crossed populations have been performed to identify genes involved in resistance in the Colorado potato beetle (CPB, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say). Here, we performed bulk segregant analysis on a mapping population generated by creating advanced intercross lines from five European strains of CPB. We identified eight peaks across chromosomes 1, 8, 10, and 16 involved in resistance against the neonicotinoid, imidacloprid. We identified 337 genes within these peaks and shortlisted three candidates based on gene expression and functional annotation. Among the three candidates identified, we found that an ABC transporter and a galactosyl transferase are expressed in relatively higher amounts in a relatively more susceptible strain than in a resistant strain. We attempted to validate the role of these two genes in insecticide resistance by knocking them down in a resistant strain using RNA interference (RNAi) and performing toxicity experiments. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the activation of the RNAi machinery itself reduced imidacloprid resistance, and the effect is not specific to the tested candidate genes. This raises concern about the suitability of using RNAi for validating insecticide resistance mechanisms in CPB
Spontaneous colour preferences and colour learning in the fruit-feeding butterfly, Mycalesis mineus
No full textSpontaneous colour preferences have been extensively studied in flower-visiting insects and such preferences exhibited by inexperienced flower-visiting insects are proposed to be adaptive by guiding them to the most rewarding flowers. Thus, spontaneous preferences are hypothesised to reflect the floral reward properties of the habitats in which these insects evolved. However, little is known about colour preferences in non-flower-visiting insects, and the ecological significance of such preferences. We investigated spontaneous colour preferences in the context of feeding and colour learning in the obligate fruit-feeding satyrine butterfly Mycalesis mineus. We report that M. mineus has true colour vision and naive butterflies, both males and females, did not prefer any colour in the absence of olfactory cues in a four-colour test array. Interestingly, females preferred yellow in the presence of food odour, indicating the modulatory effect of olfactory cues on spontaneous colour preferences. Further, when yellow was replaced with orange, female preference shifted to red, demonstrating the influence of colour combinations used in the test. We also report that M. mineus females rapidly learn to associate colour, both the preferred yellow and the non-preferred blue, with fermented banana as reward. Thus, for the first time, we report spontaneous colour preferences and colour learning in a non-flower-visiting butterfly. We also demonstrate that the colour preferences are sexually dimorphic in M. mineus and argue that multimodal stimuli are important for foraging decisions in fruit-feeding butterflie
Evidence of active oviposition avoidance to systemically applied imidacloprid in the Colorado potato beetle
No full textAgricultural pests can develop behavioral resistance to insecticides by choosing to feed or oviposit on insecticide-free hosts. As young larvae have relatively low mobility, oviposition preferences from female adults may play a critical role in shaping the evolutionary trajectory of pest populations. While oviposition avoidance of insecticide-treated hosts was found in different agriculture pests, it remains unclear whether female adults actively choose to occupy insecticide-free hosts. To address this question, we investigated feeding and oviposition preferences between imidacloprid-treated and imidacloprid-free plants in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say, a major potato pest. We performed behavioral choice assays on two strains that differed in both fecundity and insecticide resistance. We found that one strain preferred to feed on the insecticide-free plants and that this preference is not innate. Meanwhile, the other strain chose plants for feeding and oviposition randomly. Further analyses of the moving patterns of the beetles suggested that the oviposition preference in the first strain is likely due to active learning
0004
No full textDAILY PALO ALTO TIMES. MONDAY- IfaRCII ■!■ ion
pace rtvs
Co-ed Chocolates
Made only by Wilson for those who
j know and appreciate exceptional quality.
Put up in one and two pound boxes at
seventy five cents the pound.
PALO AWO
t*>a»aan**»»*i*tTTT-" """*"■*******""*"""*
voi-i.i, ron> IT EASY
to prepare delicious macaroni.
spaghetti, etc., if you get your
supplies from this grocery.
I'or all our staples aad tabic
dainties are fresh and sound.
We carry no stale food* whlcb
nobody can cook well, bnt
only tbe fre*he*t and best. A
trial order will benefit ns
PARTINGTON & RAYNER
QCALITV GROCERS
phon* pa. '-—5 Hamilton Arenae, p. tt. tlld*.. .
i*H*H***a'****H*ltt1tTt"ff"rTTtTTtttttTt*tT**tT*»f
•lOOil&O fr-H In the Seal." Trart.
enc-ltnlf Mor*. from Wairrley stree*,
anly t71H>.
C. L. PLACE
MEETINU.NOTIOlt.
PAI.O ALTO LODGE,
146. i*. a A*. *M„ Masonic
Temple. Tuesday evening.
' Hard) Mh- * P- m - *l»lwl meeting
Ry order of W. il.
W C. WERRY. Secretary.
BRIEFS
snii Fraii.tec... Mar. li
I i.r Palo Alt" Khoacm
nlulK and Tui-mI*j.
Saadaj—Rainfall .1".
-..ii l.tai. tie riii-iie i-r. a
li, u III .17. mi in li I ;IM;
tohm-tet, ihittliiiiim iio.i
ltllNHll*m 'jn 'Hi
ha*
C. A. -Oseham, who is traveling]
la Japan. 1* eiprrted Imnie from ih^;
Orient early ln Mi;
F. W. Sherman I* at home again
after an extended absence from town
an business.
Prtifessor and Mr* I. It Lenoi
•pent tbe weekend a* visitor* in
San Francisco.
Ford lluuiphtVy, of Palo Alto la
registered at* lbe' Hotel Argonaut In
Ran Francisco
^Rotate 6'U«n ' and FretJ .Kline
left tbls mornln]; at 11 o'clock for
Humboldt. whero Ihey a
ployed for Ihe re»t of (hi
A trackman must know how to
train. Oat the advice of one of the
world's greatest trainers-—Dad
MoUlton, Bee page I of ueit Saturday* Time*.
Cbarlea J, Crary. formerly
Main. Id and Stanford I'nlversity.
Daftnitien* ef New*.
Tb* city editor ef a local paper trlls
ua lhat he recently tested Ibe lutein
genre of a bunch of anpllranta for
Job* br firing tbem a Ut of copy paper snd relocating tbem to write
thereon a d*l) tilt ion of "News** Here
are some of Ibe anawers turoed ln:
New* <vn«t"t* of event*
izt** *!?_i** "i*.^.vi ******? ?«twM«i
tlonal Rank of Itichmond. an Inst)
ttitlon wiih sIhmii I5M'.0"0 io
posits
'Nsw* ta what the public wtl\ read
j and aay tor without kicking "
"News I* anything tbe public ought
to know.**
"News la ■ report of wh*( tisppeord.
nol of what .Might to happen "
-Neas Is anytbtng a paper rea print
A motoring party from Han!
Francisco. Fremont Older. MUa!
Helen Todd, suBrage speaker ami
factory inspector aft Illinois, and that's oew. eicept new stuff thst
Mis* Field of the American Mags- might atari a libel suit, (bi anything
sine, spent tlunday In Palo Alto.
that might i.-» aa advertiser, lei any-
; thing that might si least* a buncb ef
Mtu Rernlcc Field, of Han Jo*, subscriber*."
Tbl* im epigram landed a Job for
It* author The rlty editor saw st
once that tbl* chap hsd worked on n
paper before.—Cleveland Plain Healer 1
was married st the borne of he.!
parent* Saturdat evening to Heartc
G. Hill of San Francisco. Roth'
bride and groom gradualed from
Stanford In 1909, aad Mr. Hill re-1
relied bl* J- D, degree last Mi)
He Is a member or Delta Chi.
Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Dayan
Wh*n A-~.tr.,- t War* New.
Tb* 0r*t printed almanac, published
at Nuremberg In li.■'■- was thought
such a wonderful thing that u ws*
reopened their home at 90* fairer-! *>'* ** *** ****** rrowa* a copy-
•ll> avenne for the summer. MW.I'SS^Ji^^j!*?!*' *?**
Dayan spent mo»t ot the winter In
the Kotlmt ba* been In San Fran-
Engllab printed: almanac
-Sbepberf* K*lrnd*r." tranaUted ft-Qpi
tbe French and printed by Richard
claro .wittt^ Ms. Dayan during ihe pynaoQ i„ t*li7. mna ltM. r.t.i popular i
1**1 month Their many friend* al-! almanac of lb* "Old Moore** type waa '
wav* welcome their return to Palo the "Proooatyacyoo of Msysler Job*
AKo. where they hav<. one of the ThybaulL medyejner snd astronomer
most attractive homes In California ' of tbs Emperyali MaJasUeof the y* '
Best in Town
mVfrxr-r\.t mTm HTKIVRMMII and
STEIN"/^ SMART
BlOOT^^qiJTHB ",SJAM,N ""T* ">" "«"
la latest style*, at lowest
prices. Coma.in and try them
on. Price* from CI0.0O to
•27.00.
Boys* Suits
We are shooing our new
jit pmrntmBQ M TTH FOB HOYS.
1 Most of Hie suits hsve two
pairs knlckerhocker pants
Christy Rhodes Co.
Phone 200
of our ltorde MlX'CCCXXXIJ '
lievWe* pro[4ie«ylng "'warvse. revo-
in- n.iii ami tbe death of kynge*." that
early almanac told you Ibe proper d*y
to take physic. Monday wss the dsy
- for aliments of tbe legs, Tuesday for
affection* of the brad, etc. Hut what
tbe unfortunate,sufferer waa to do who
bad a pain on tbe wrong day It doe*
not state. You must lake pains at tbe
proper tiipe. .
Picked debater* of San Jose High
School and Lowell High Hrhool.
San Francisco. COal**t*d on Salur-
dar evening over the question of
"Closed Shops" tor a *IUet en p.
pr.-*entvd by Stanford I'nlversity.
San Jose belag victorious At San
tare the home school took the affirmative, and at Han Francisco ihe
debate'was held simultaneously.' a
Ran •"*■ tram lbrr« taking ^he neg- Fasts ol Endursnea
atlve rldo of the'*amt> que*(ion lu One or toe most striking feata of
both rltlesthe debate* were keenly l»«nian endurance t was that of./TOm.
ronjestea .and aere markvd b, *om- ******** **" ** ■*£_££ *******
*-, .*. ' of Ftigtsnd. arka t-y whitilai bmU
aell-d.Hv,Ked speeches., ,- .•ri,V,Urt,:.lkUur.wllhoUi.mome„.'.
Haltinlaj night th'e Elsoa sw+rtytrmprt* broke all'revOett*. 41* reminds
bit.it came lo a done tn ihe 'high one of Arthur LanAetee. wbo achieved'
school studio with s large crowd In **M*itc ***** *" ******** * »>tack-
... _ ,^ . ._ , smith's liainini-r for lw*lv* MMWII
attendance to hear a program of ^^ — gft^ft sdtkd lo hU lsu-
four musics! numbers .by John nH b. ,,(,lBf a„ „mub ^^ fo.
Frsncl* Jones, Mlsa Marlon Howard taH pnnrhlng. He punched s tweoty-
Coyle. ||)e high school girl*' glee fnur ounce ball for Often hour* con-
clnh. and Ralph Frllach. of Ihe high tlnuously at tb* average rale of 14ft
School on ■■■:■ violin Slnre It wb* punches ' s minute Occaalunally he
the last opaatns, more ihan the would go away on a.burst uf S80 and
u*u.l amount of Urn.. ..* 4wrta** W» n aUnal*. and ao pow*efi»l waa hi*
. . fl-l work thst (hree tunc* be tiroke tb*
.,'.".!"' ?V ,:'"■ ,"T:. i ~i- •' <"' *•« mt "d » """ "■ *
«hlrh Ml.. * «r..r w.r.l. h..« «t Mltal.-,. OM k„„ |„ rew.^-li,.
"' high Nihool set , department. Cam,
Las Palmas Millinery
for nounm m\w-f*Aim millinery at unran
phht:s. open hati rday mhiitx till h o-cwkk.
Mrs. T. V. McCoy
I'liotie :ioi^. SB* lalverslty- A
". - »*• PETUNIAS -^
m.-.A. . WTA- ^t
Flaic of purple, drill ol while.* '
f'olvrd like- Imtt.ril.r -III Sight.
In it- ntoad (hrt»a( »o deep.
Sacclj di»till white it doth »Iecp.
I'li^vt**-. without a care.
Drinking in the -.nmmer -ij.,.. ■. it doth lrxel rvrrywhere
Homely. Pfreet, toOSt prffec't lionet P(Wd M ^.^ |o ^ ^
Slcder Hemmed, with down> lc»t\. P""M,,K "m ta P"f"«" **«<
Folded Snd*, like rolled tip i)t*vaO -Frank Fail
told hoa' lo srudr Ihe'rshljill most
Try Thompson's bakery Tor (rooJ
servlco, Pbone for sample bread.
R. S. Jewell. In the Mullen building. 414-411 Hlgb street, tlnnlag
and plumbing. Phone til
Notice Mr. Getty's window for
sample* of Free Premiums.
10-II-U
Ir* cream. |1.M calton. Fraab
butler, egg*, milk and cream. Palo
Alto Creamery, 262 UBlveralty.
Hi William Ilre>Ingli
Yosk. ha; arrived In Palo ABa
at.tend hi* brother Dr. E S Itrry--|
(..Kl- . *ho U »rrlnu*lv Itl.
Mm T ll l>oanrng mi-oittpanled
her hunband today on. hi* return to
IXi i.-t. where he I* rnlllvallng a
large orange plantation.
Wot*i children ot the Hunnyrala
tehool sin that the Staaford museum n. tt Saturday under the direction of Principal Hi.ugh
Th.- ijdte* Aid Socli-ti of the
Method!*! CliUMii sill meel Tne«
£|day afternoon at the home ot Mr*
A. 0.'Bu*h on Lincoln nv«m* .
■-in-1 n'diiiiit.iK.-oti-b
•son.
I Ne»
It I* worthy ol.note tbtt (he
'al» Alio transfer (oiin.siij ha* rr-
Vur* English.
"My dear. I wish yon would *|wak
mors carefully." said a stickler fot
pure English to bt* wire. "You aay
thai "Henry Jone* esme lo this
turned to It* old headquarter* at from Kunderlsml.' Don't you see Hint
HU Circle, opposite,- (be passengrr n would be better to say that be 'came
depot The tooni In (be Humphrey* from Sunderland li
il PAL.O ALTO I. AI NHHY CO
! * A IiAUNDRY THAT !»oK* Hlfllt-CMM WORK AT IX>W PRICCa
f* Vl..rk called foe aad dsttvared prampUy.
X Ml EMKHSOS ■THKHT. _ PHONE IU>X
* **. '
huilitinc Ah* ton Mimll and the company has taken a five-year lease 04
it* former location, adjoining the
w.-its- f*mo ami Western Hatha bf-
(lie.
I don't see sn.t difference In lh*
Iwo eipresslon*." rej.-ined the lady.
-Hut (here l* a difference lu Ibe two
■ l|i|i|—thus -n rltetorlcal difference
it hear me make use ot.
The freshman girl* belong!"* '"
Alitha Omiron p| rtororlij at Stan.
ford were entertained by (In- Call
fornln Chapter In llerkelt-y Baton
day nlghl.
The funeral of Hie (so-wet-ks-olil
Infant of Mi. aud Mr* l^on ("atalaa
aa* held thl* afternoon at 2 o'clock
from the family home. 64i Ilamon*
street.
AMl*tanl Prtacipal I.lndaa> nf the
Cat dower*, floral designs aad! Mountain View school*, wa* here]
plant* of all kind* at La* J'alma*;'»*' "'£bt to ajteud the o|>enln*
Graenbou***. Phon* X7«. »-l«.«i meeting of lh* Men and Religion
ward Movement, campaign.
Fashionable ladles' tailor. Indies
suits to order from I ■• up. Alters.
tlon* a *peclalty. M, Wohlgemuth,
IT I t'nlv. air. Phone 342X.
Mi- A. Drake of :;m I'nlversity
aveWBr wtstio* (■> anaoaace that »Ih-
wlfl lutvr Iter Bprtng opening of in
inHllnery Twwdaj ami Wednesday.
March S aad S. 3-2-31
Mrs. Goodspoed haa sgatn opened
her dressmaking parlors st 62S Gil.
man street. Palo Alto. She will I-
pleased to meel her old as well a*
new customer*. Terms reasonable.
X-JI-lm
Mr* Elds Pennebaker. manafac-
turer's agent fnr William Prank
children's waists. Remsen guaranteed hosiery and handkerchief*,
wlll hare aamples and take orders
for same Monday aad Saturday afternoons and Wednesday at Mr
Pennebaker'* new store. J-2-2w"
You Get Genuine Value
IH CLOTHSB WB MAM.
Correct fit neat appearance aad
long ate i Ice. To ov4cr. VtS aod op.
Driscoll The Tailor
Frank I# Huer ha* returned from
a two weeks' business trip lo Southern California. He Is now planning
for tbe opening nest Monday of. Ihe
new theater In which he I* Interested here.
Wlll all Indies in Palo Alio and
vicinity who are Interested in establishing a soman'* etrhaugc
please call or communicate by postal wllb Mrs Tyler, ttt L'Blverslty
2-l-St
For Sale 200
MONEY TO LOAN
CO-OPERATIVE
LAND AND TRUST CO
ISXt tafveesMy Atraooa.
Tbls company Ma .-arm-d UP* mJWwuri esiwslamt By lite wsy. I
it reputation for careful al- r^-p p letter from'your father la mj
lenllnn to fi.itln and twriagc for, pockH." {
pracllcajlv the whole loan.
need* the large raoat It no*
pie. to caie for Its growing
bras.
mil ll
■Oh. 'dear! l* my father fa your
pocket? ' \ iti-imie.! the wife. **yo«
tpean that jou have In your pocket a
lelter from nij fjitlirr"
"There KM vo uliti your tittle qulb
Palo Alto and li.-.i- sill btca' Y-u UM * delight In harassing
debate on April *»l)i In Ib* Santa roe. You nre always taking up a
Clarf Ysll'J Debating lAsfcue it'u llireml snd r.-[.i,-„i,iinB it n* rope.-
the .|Ue*Ho.,. Reaolvod. That ll i*'^ -Representins ll to be a ro^. you
lo the l-,l inlet.-.!, of Il„ ]«-o|.le'"IB*S,(- ,J**r' _ .
.. ... , ' And then he erliitiWl a slcl.li rtii.
of tide* io have n cnti on pUU 1^ w),h*, ,,„ J^ ^^ ^^^ ,„„
of go.rrnmeut * Thl* wa* <I"*»d'-I. dtacBMloft._|Jlwdol_( Aa*wera
at i short mevtlng in Han Jose S*'-| , , ,,
iir.l*. San lOkfl slid Campbell *'* . Adym* te.lh* Trust**.
to d.-l.jt.. on April l.ith. the qua** In handling hthrr imiple's pinoey
tlon ot whether (be Fnlled BUtM the principal must be kejrt tnlart. If,
Mm...Id or should nol take ihe Ini," • trnslee. tlm^. to whom y.,u are
lisil,e In disarmament. Tuesday i mpon-lble Insist
slternoon debsting manager Oeorge
Hudgim wlll rail a' mmmllioc RMM
Ing of Hindi iil at|d learh.r^ ''''tadon. say* World* Work, fjiert l*
choose the rwo i'tto Alto illrf. no more blller etperi*o^> through
an Income
■ wblcb you In your heart know cannot
; beobtslned without taking aome al'lgbl
'"I eli*nee, glee up Ihe mist without Im->I
Franklin Maine Corn
15c 2 for 25c
$1.35 Dozen.
Try a Dozen
FULLER & CO.
Two Phones-75r^d752.;
Had s dope l* ihe kind lhal "people read On'you read It* If not,
why not? Kiv psgn four of Saturday's paper
Pasadena will npeud
garbage Incinerator
wblcb an han**i
ran pass ttyati Ibe rendering of an accounting,for a lost or depleted trust
No reason or etcuse csn weigh for an
Instant sgalnil Ihe actual result which
lu-fa..- A single slip in Ibe bandlllig
of funds like "thl* msy doom sll future.
genrr.il.m* of tbat family lo Uvea of
poverty. Thla la the greatest rs*ponal-
Willi ever laid upon a trustee, an executor, a banker or an adviser, and no
bonesl man *houtd *»iume It unless
be I* prepared lo endure for thn sake
of the future all the erlllrtsm tbat may
renter upon him on account of et-
treme cr,n*errntl*m In the present.
oa»*»aaaa»oaaa»ooa*»»eao»*»aee»o***»a*»*aa*»»a#'**oo4^
j PLUMBING
first l-lttle Iowa Roy-Aw, wot'* th
oa* ot coin' (o school T I'm goto' to b
a wrestler Ilk* Ootcb
Second Uttie low* Bey-Yes. but |
you got to know 'rlthrostle or you can't
Bgger your per cent of the gate re-
Reminders ef Nap*!**".
"I never knew Mlmiurl wa* fllled
; wtth reminder* of Ihe Napoleonic war*
! until I loOk a trip over tbe Mlasourl
Parffie'* river branch to BnooTllle."
, a traveling man remarked. "Thought*
' nf tb* great slruggie in PTOMCU emu
' mewed to dawn upon me when th*
tirakrman went tbrougb tbe train
calling 'Napoleon.' 1 recalled tlie career
of ambition of Hie great ConfaM Er"
era! snd wa* allowing my thought*
- to wander in that rein when the next
. station was announced -Waterloo. 1
' began to recai: farther Incident* and
. thoughts of (be rletorloui general wbo
,- blasted Napoleon'* hope* of ■ great
i empire. Imagine my surprl*.- wben I
found tbe nevl station was Wrlllnwinn
The nest stop had nnthlng to do wltb
tbe French wsrs. so I thought the co-
Inrldem-ea were over Hut I wanlrd 10
kern the wby of ll all.' *o 1 *.k.d tbe
rondorior. II* didn't answer.
Grnurbj."-Ksn*ns *^lr J<*t
«**
'What do aaoltary caarenlenres mean In the bosae?
Plnmhtag ahoold mean arat-clasa wnth'aad aa ahantnte gaaraa-
tee of all matetiala aod flxtare*.
The place' where yoa caa r«nm on lhra«. prlaelple* being faU
Blied l« lh,
BWtt
Standard Metal & Plumbing Works
1*. n. do jtmr plutblnf .ml .lw, t.k. ,... .1 ,.,or r.pWf
1*7 11 .-111 I'.s AVBXUK.
IIHIIIIIIIIIIIIHIII.IIII...IIIHI....HIIII..I....'
Always Fresh—Aromatic-Delicious
FOLGER'S TEA, COFFEE AND'
SPICES
BIXBY & L1LUIE
HIGH GRADE GROCERS
einiiic 7 J University and Emerso
