814 research outputs found
Quantitative genetic studies of antisocial behaviour
No full textThis paper will broadly review the currently available twin and adoption data on antisocial behaviour (AB). It is argued that quantitative genetic research can make a significant contribution to further the understanding of how AB develops. Genetically informative study designs are particularly useful for investigating several important questions such as whether: the heritability estimates vary as a function of assessment method or gender; the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences varies for different types of AB; the environmental risk factors are truly environmental; and genetic vulnerability influences susceptibility to environmental risk. While the current data are not yet directly translatable for prevention and treatment programmes, quantitative genetic research has concrete translational potential. Quantitative genetic research can supplement neuroscience research in informing about different subtypes of AB, such as AB coupled with callous–unemotional traits. Quantitative genetic research is also important in advancing the understanding of the mechanisms by which environmental risk operates
sj-docx-1-jop-10.1177_02698811221131990 – Supplemental material for Association between quetiapine use and self-harm outcomes among people with recorded personality disorder in UK primary care: A self-controlled case series analysis
No full textSupplemental material, sj-docx-1-jop-10.1177_02698811221131990 for Association between quetiapine use and self-harm outcomes among people with recorded personality disorder in UK primary care: A self-controlled case series analysis by Joseph F Hayes, Sarah Hardoon, Jessica Deighton, Essi Viding and David PJ Osborn in Journal of Psychopharmacology</p
Supplementary_Table_predictor_of_late-onset_ADHD_20190410 – Supplemental material for Early Predictors of De Novo and Subthreshold Late-Onset ADHD in a Child and Adolescent Cohort
No full textSupplemental material, Supplementary_Table_predictor_of_late-onset_ADHD_20190410 for Early Predictors of De Novo and Subthreshold Late-Onset ADHD in a Child and Adolescent Cohort by Chao-Yu Liu, Philip Asherson, Essi Viding, Corina U. Greven and Jean-Baptiste Pingault in Journal of Attention Disorders</p
Building resilience: Key to protecting adolescent mental health
No full textBuilding resilience: Key to protecting adolescent mental health
Essi Viding, Pasco Fearon, Tom Wu, Alexander Lloyd, Laura Lucas, Roslyn Law, and Jaime Smith discuss new approaches to preventing adolescent mental health problems from emerging. Adolescence is a period of heightened vulnerability to developing mental health problems. Rates of mental health disorder among adolescents have increased in the last decade(1). In light of the vast associated interpersonal and economic costs(2,3) , it is striking how few resources have been invested in advancing our understanding of how to effectively prevent mental health problems developing before they become entrenched, particularly in adolescents who are at high risk
The Human Perspective on Artificial Intelligence (AI): How do people perceive and relate to AI in the social sphere?
No full textThis thesis explores how people perceive and make decisions with Artificial Intelligence (AI), using methods from psychology to map the perceptions and investigate the behaviours. Through eight studies, it provides empirical insights into the human perspective on AI.
Chapter 2 (Studies 1 and 2) examines AI perception using three models: the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) (Fiske et al., 2002), the Mind Perception Dimensions (MPD) model (Gray et al., 2007), and the newly developed AI Stereotype Model (AISM). These models were evaluated across various AI agents, considering variations in design features, embodiment and intended purpose of use. The findings reveal that AI perception is not homogeneous; instead, distinct stereotypes emerge based on competence and experience—the two core dimensions of AISM. This model proved more effective than SCM and MPD in capturing AI perception.
Chapter 3 (Studies 3 and 4) explores trust in AI based on three key determinants: performance, process, and purpose (Lee & See, 2004). Trust in AI was found to depend on how these factors were weighted, particularly in moral versus non-moral decisions. In moral decisions, trust was shaped by the AI’s moral stance (‘why’ it decides), whereas in non-moral decisions, trust was driven by the AI’s decision-making process (‘how’ it decides), with detailed explanations fostering greater trust.
Chapter 4 (Studies 5–8) investigates how people respond to AI-generated versus human advice. Findings confirmed that people are more likely to trust AI than humans when decisions are perceived as objective (Studies 5 and 6). Studies 7 and 8 extended this research by examining AI’s role in validating subjective preferences-based decisions. Results indicate that people value validation similarly, whether from AI or human advisors. Collectively, these findings provide a nuanced understanding of AI perception, trust, and decision-making
Atypical Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Interpersonal Problem-Solving in Children and Adolescents with Maltreatment Experience
No full textThis doctoral thesis investigates the effects of childhood maltreatment on
neurobiological and cognitive domains thought to contribute to increased risk of poor
mental health and social functioning.
Part 1 is a systematic review of the impact of childhood maltreatment on restingstate functional connectivity (rsFC), the synchronous activation of brain regions during
wakeful rest. Part 2 is an empirical study investigating the impact of substantiated
maltreatment exposure on rsFC, interpersonal problem-solving abilities and mental
health. Part 3 critically evaluates neurocognitive research related to childhood
maltreatment.
Part 1 shows that childhood maltreatment is associated with rsFC recalibrations
in brain networks implicated in social functioning and mental health, especially the
salience network, default mode network and prefrontal regulatory hubs. Part 2 shows that poorer performance in interpersonal problem-solving following maltreatment exposure is associated with higher mental health symptoms and atypical rsFC between the medial hubs of the default mode network. Finally, Part 3 advocates for methodological improvements, a more nuanced understanding of social and cultural factors, and more collaboration and co-production in the scientific community to increase the practical and theoretical impact of neurocognitive research
Commentary: Conduct disorder and perceiving harm to others - a reflection on Michalska et al. (2016)
No full textChildren with conduct disorder (CD) persistently violate the rights of other people and represent a considerable societal cost. These children display atypically muted empathic responses to other people’s distress. Such deficient empathic processing is thought to be one predisposing factor to CD and it may partly account for the violent and antisocial behaviour of these children. Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on adolescents with conduct problems have used a variety of tasks to investigate the neural response to other people’s distress or pain in this group (e.g. Decety et al., 2009; Lockwood et al., 2013; Marsh et al., 2013; Viding et al., 2012). These studies have, in general, indicated that atypical engagement of a number of brain areas linked with affective and empathic processing characterizes these children when they view other people in distress or pain. What is also clear is that there is considerable heterogeneity among these children. For example, previous studies have linked callous-unemotional traits in particular with lower neural responses [e.g. in amygdala, anterior insula (aINS) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)] to perceiving other people’s distress and pain (Lockwood et al., 2013; Marsh et al., 2013; Viding et al., 2012). Although the extant evidence base provides preliminary pointers to the neural underpinnings of CD, it is still early days for fMRI studies in this area. The study by Michalska, Zeffiro, and Decety (2016) reported in this issue of JCPP extends our knowledge in a number of important ways. First, the authors focus on a preadolescent sample of children with CD (and comparison children). There are no previous fMRI data on this age group of children with CD and their investigation enables us to ascertain whether the pattern of atypical neural reactivity seen in adolescents with CD is seen in this age group as well. Second, the authors have acquired data on a large sample of children (100+), which increases the confidence in their findings and facilitates the continuous analyses regarding CD symptom severity, callousness, and reactive aggression (RA). Investigation into heterogeneity among children who all display CD characteristics is important as we seek to understand multiple causal pathways to problem behaviour. Finally, inclusion of both boys and girls in the study sample enables, for the first time, a direct test of sex differences with regard to neural function in CD
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