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    Tretodictyum reiswigi Boury-Esnault, Vacelet, Dubois, Goujard, Fourt, Pérez & Chevaldonné, 2017, n. sp.

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    Tretodictyum reiswigi n. sp. Boury-Esnault, Vacelet & Chevaldonné Type-specimen. Sample VAL2-ACH-P15-ECH02. MNHN-HJV-04, Type-locality. Valinco Canyon (Western Mediterranean) 41.662N / 8.795E, 397 m, 31/07/2014. Other material (available in SME collection): Sample CS-ACH-P03- ECH 06 b, a small fragment encrusting a brachiopod shell, Cassidaigne canyon (W Mediterranean) 43.047N / 5.397E, 370 m, 28/10/2009. Sample VAL- ACH-P12- ECH 01, small fragments, Valinco Canyon, Corsica, 41.663N / 8.795E, 444 m, 24/08/2010. Sample from CYLYCE cruise, dive 12 of Cyana submersible, fragments of two tubes, Ile Rousse Canyon, NW Corsica, 42.833N / 8.953E, 320 m, 25/05/1997, Slides from specimens of BALGIM Cruise, R / V Cryos, Alboran Sea, Station CP 135-168, 35.435N / -4.301W and DR152–257, 35.935N/-5.569W, 390–560m, May–June 1984. External morphology. The sponge is formed by several tubes more or less coalescent, expanding from a narrower base of attachment to the substrate. The tubes are most often arranged in a single or a double line (Fig. 3), with each line formed by up to 12 tubes. The maximum size estimated from ROV images is ca 15 x 7 x 5 cm, with tubes either entirely joined or free for up to 5 cm. The tubes are 1–2.2 cm in diameter with a central canal 0.55–0.65 cm in diameter. The wall of the tubes is ca 3 mm thick. The surface is pierced by numerous small depressions. The color is pure white in living or freshly dead specimens, grey in dead skeletons due to sediment deposits. Specimens with both living parts and dead skeletons have often been observed (Fig. 3 B). The consistency is hard, but the sponge is easily broken. Numerous observations of sponges with very similar external characters have been made between 199 and 632 m depth from submersible and ROV dives, for examples Fig. 3 A, 3B; Fig. 4 B, 4C, 4D (Table 3). Their identification to the same species is made with great confidence. Skeleton. The main skeleton is a dictyonal framework of square meshes with 200–300 µm sides and beams 30–60 µm thick, with tubercles arranged in rows. Megascleres are dermal and parenchymal hexactins. Strongyloscopules are present in dermal and atrial surfaces. Microscleres are oxyhexactins and two types of hexasters.Published as part of Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Vacelet, Jean, Dubois, Maude, Goujard, Adrien, Fourt, Maïa, Pérez, Thierry & Chevaldonné, Pierre, 2017, New hexactinellid sponges from deep Mediterranean canyons, pp. 118-134 in Zootaxa 4236 (1) on pages 126-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/32198

    New hexactinellid sponges from deep Mediterranean canyons

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    Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Vacelet, Jean, Dubois, Maude, Goujard, Adrien, Fourt, Maïa, Pérez, Thierry, Chevaldonné, Pierre (2017): New hexactinellid sponges from deep Mediterranean canyons. Zootaxa 4236 (1): 118-134, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.

    Farrea bowerbanki Boury-Esnault, Vacelet, Dubois, Goujard, Fourt, Pérez & Chevaldonné, 2017, n. sp.

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    <i>Farrea bowerbanki</i> n. sp. Boury-Esnault, Vacelet & Chevaldonné <p> <b>Type-specimen.</b> Sample VAL2-ACH-P15_ECH01. MNHN-HJV-03</p> <p> <b>Type-locality.</b> Valinco Canyon, SW Corsica (Western Mediterranean), 383 m, 41.66148N / 8.7953E, 31/07/ 2014.</p> <p> <b>Comparative material.</b> Slides from specimens of the Ibero-Morrocan Gulf (BALGIM Cruise, 1984, Stn CP91-13, 34.3675N – 7.417W, 945 m).</p> <p> <b>External morphology.</b> Several specimens were observed on ROV pictures and videos or by direct observations from the manned submersible ‘Remora 2000’ (Comex) in 2009, 2010, 2014 and 2016 (Fig. 1, 2 and 4, Table 3). A complete specimen, designated as holotype, has been collected in 2014. The holotype (Fig. 2 A, 2C) is 15 cm high, with a diameter of about 20 cm at its widest part. The body is formed by a branching and anastomosing system of tubes attached to the rocky substrate by a small basal plate, 2 cm in diameter. Two main tubes, 2 cm in diameter, arising from the basal plate, divide and merge several times, with distally infundibular openings 5–8 cm wide. The shape of these openings is reminiscent of a flower corolla. The thickness of the tube wall is about 1–2 mm. Color in life is white, with the basal plate and a short common basal part of the tubes, deep grey. The sponge is very fragile, and several parts of the tubes are broken on the preserved holotype which was very difficult to collect in a good state of preservation by the ROV. The other specimens observed, such as shown in Figures 2 B, 4A, 4B and 4D, have the same general shape, varying in size from a few centimeters to 40 cm. Several observed specimens were composed of a white living part and of a dead skeleton, colored in grey due to the deposit of mud.</p> <p>Skeleton. The skeleton framework is a typical farreoid dictyonal type with smooth beams and spined spurs (Fig. 2 D, 2F). Dictyonalia are formed in more than one layer. The meshes are mostly rectangular, sometimes square or triangular (Fig. 2 E), with dictyonal beams 168–430/35–50 µm in size. The spurs are 90–210 µm in length, always spined and most often curved (Fig. 2 F).</p>Published as part of <i>Boury-Esnault, Nicole, Vacelet, Jean, Dubois, Maude, Goujard, Adrien, Fourt, Maïa, Pérez, Thierry & Chevaldonné, Pierre, 2017, New hexactinellid sponges from deep Mediterranean canyons, pp. 118-134 in Zootaxa 4236 (1)</i> on page 124, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4236.1.6, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/321981">http://zenodo.org/record/321981</a&gt

    Gaston Esnault. — La Vie et les Œuvres comiques de Claude- Marie Le Laé (1745-1791). Poèmes français : Les Trois Bretons, L'Ouessanlide, Poèmes bretons : La burlesque oraison funèbre de Michel Morin; édition critique d'après les manuscrits autographes inédits, commentaire et traduction. T, XV de la série in-8° de La Bretagne et les Pays Celtiques

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    Le Roux Pierre. Gaston Esnault. — La Vie et les Œuvres comiques de Claude- Marie Le Laé (1745-1791). Poèmes français : Les Trois Bretons, L'Ouessanlide, Poèmes bretons : La burlesque oraison funèbre de Michel Morin; édition critique d'après les manuscrits autographes inédits, commentaire et traduction. T, XV de la série in-8° de La Bretagne et les Pays Celtiques. In: Annales de Bretagne. Tome 35, numéro 2, 1921. pp. 324-327

    Gaston Esnault. — La Vie et les Œuvres comiques de Claude- Marie Le Laé (1745-1791). Poèmes français : Les Trois Bretons, L'Ouessanlide, Poèmes bretons : La burlesque oraison funèbre de Michel Morin; édition critique d'après les manuscrits autographes inédits, commentaire et traduction. T, XV de la série in-8° de La Bretagne et les Pays Celtiques

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    Le Roux Pierre. Gaston Esnault. — La Vie et les Œuvres comiques de Claude- Marie Le Laé (1745-1791). Poèmes français : Les Trois Bretons, L'Ouessanlide, Poèmes bretons : La burlesque oraison funèbre de Michel Morin; édition critique d'après les manuscrits autographes inédits, commentaire et traduction. T, XV de la série in-8° de La Bretagne et les Pays Celtiques. In: Annales de Bretagne. Tome 35, numéro 2, 1921. pp. 324-327

    “Enquête sur l’auteur. Entretien avec Pierre Bayard”

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    International audience05/04/2019 “Enquête sur l’auteur. Entretien avec Pierre Bayard” [“Investigation into the Author. Interview with Pierre Bayard”], event for bachelor’s and master’s students in French and comparative literature, Lorraine University

    Is There Market Power in the French Comte Cheese Market?

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    An NEIO approach is used to measure seller market power in the French Comté cheese market, characterised by government-approved supply control. The estimation is performed on quarterly data at the wholesale stage over the period 1985-2005. Three different elasticity shifters are included in the demand specification, and the supply equation accounts for the existence of the European dairy quota policy. The market power estimate is small and statistically insignificant. Monopoly is rejected, as well as weak forms of Cournot oligopoly. Results appear to be robust to the choice of functional form, and suggest little effect of the supply control scheme on consumer prices.Supply control, NEIO, protected designation of origin, Marketing,

    The aesthetics of Pierre Boulez

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    To enable the reader to find references as quickly and easily as possible, I have grouped all references together in the bibliography in alphabetical order. Texts by the same author are distinguished first by year and second, if there are several texts from the same year, by letter. Interviews and writing collaborations (including published correspondence) involving Boulez are also ordered alphabetically. The year given at the beginning of each bibliographical entry is, in the majority of cases, the year in which the text was first published (not necessarily the year of the edition cited). For all writings written by Boulez, I have provided the original title under which the text in question was first published (usually in French). Many articles have subsequently been translated into English and therefore I have decided to provide page references for both versions. For all texts by writers other than Boulez, I have cited the version of the text I have used. Wherever possible, I have cited the existing English translations of texts originally written in French. However, on many occasions I have considered it necessary to make alterations to the published translations. This is particularly applicable to Boulez on Music Today (1971) and Orientations (1986), both of which display an often heavy-handed and rather inaccurate approach to the task of translating specific concepts employed by Boulez. In contrast. Stocktakings of an Apprenticeship (1991) has required only occasional minor amendments. All changes to the published English translations are acknowledged in the corresponding footnote. None of the material m this thesis has previously been submitted for a degree in this or any other University. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without prior written consent and information from it should be acknowledged. I have received permission to exceed the word limit from the Graduate School Committee at the University of Durham
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