391 research outputs found
An homage to Prof. Dr. Gerd Alberti (1943-2016)
No full textDi Palma, A., Krantz, G.W., Lindquist, E.E., Norton, R.A. (2017): An homage to Prof. Dr. Gerd Alberti (1943-2016). Acarologia 57 (2): 459-461, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20174169, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/acarologia/2017416
FIGURE 3 in A new genus of mites of the subfamily Platyseiinae associated with Azteca ant galleries in Cecropia trees in Costa Rica (Acari: Mesostigmata: Blattisociidae)
No full textFIGURE 3: Calyptoseius longinoi n. sp., adult male: A – Idiosoma, ventral view; B – Idiosoma, dorsal view; C – Subcapitulum; D – Chelicera and spermatodactyl, lateral view; E – Detail of cheliceral digits and spermatodactyl.Published as part of Lindquist, E.E. & Moraza, M.L., 2016, A new genus of mites of the subfamily Platyseiinae associated with Azteca ant galleries in Cecropia trees in Costa Rica (Acari: Mesostigmata: Blattisociidae), pp. 293-319 in Acarologia 56 (3) on page 298, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20162242, http://zenodo.org/record/539492
FIGURE 4 in A new genus of mites of the subfamily Platyseiinae associated with Azteca ant galleries in Cecropia trees in Costa Rica (Acari: Mesostigmata: Blattisociidae)
No full textFIGURE 4: Calyptoseius longinoi n. sp., legs I-IV excluding tarsus, adult female: A – Leg I, dorsal view; B – Leg II, dorsal view; C – Leg III, anterolateral view; D – Leg IV, anterolateral view. Dorsal setae in solid black color.Published as part of Lindquist, E.E. & Moraza, M.L., 2016, A new genus of mites of the subfamily Platyseiinae associated with Azteca ant galleries in Cecropia trees in Costa Rica (Acari: Mesostigmata: Blattisociidae), pp. 293-319 in Acarologia 56 (3) on page 299, DOI: 10.1051/acarologia/20162242, http://zenodo.org/record/539492
Reconsidering the hierarchic position of the family Dytiscacaridae Hajiqanbar and Lindquist: A proposal for its placement as a separate superfamily within Raphignathina
No full textMortazavi et al. (2018) described the family Dytiscacaridae Hajiqanbar and Lindquist and placed it in the superfamily Raphignathoidea in the cohort or hyporder Raphignathina. We now consider that this family should be recognised as a separate superfamily within the Raphignathina, based on a detailed comparison with the other superfamilies in this group. © 2024, Les Amis d'Acarologia. All rights reserved
Lasioseius cassidini Moraza & Lindquist 2018, n. sp.
No full textLasioseius cassidini n. sp. (Figures 1, 2, 11A, 12C, 13 A-B, 14A) Zoobank: EB77E489-1EB6-4120-9375-44E765ABEFF3 Diagnosis — Adult female: Sternal shield weakly lineate along lateral margins, smooth medially, its posterolateral corners not emarginated; poroids iv3 alone, on soft cuticle, setae st4 on tiny metasternal platelets; epigynal shield partially reticulated, its lateral margins concave, narrowed anterior to setae st5; ventrianal shield with posterolateral margins on either side of anus divergent anteriorly, and with four pairs of opisthogastric setae, JV1 on shield; metapodal plates well separated on each side. Dorsal setae r6 on edge of dorsal shield; Z5, S5 attenuated like adjacent setae. Adult male: Dorsal shield setae S5 dimorphically less attenuated. Sternitigenital shield incompletely reticulated, nearly smooth medially. Tibiae III-IV with setae (v) dimorphically spinelike, blunt; genu IV av similarly so. Adult attributes: Gnathotectum anterior margin truncate, irregularly denticulate. Fixed chela with file of ca 20 teeth in female, ca 18 in male. Sternal setae st1 inserted in weakly sclerotized presternal region. Tarsi II-IV with ventral apical process bluntly pointed, smooth apically; tarsi II-III with seta av-1 slightly longer than pv-1; pretarsi III-IV with anterior paradactylus asymmetrically elongate, twice as long as claws; tarsus IV with distal seta av-1 clearly larger, thicker than adjacent setae. Description Idiosomatic dorsum — Adult female. Dorsal shield 703 – 757 long, 375 – 410 wide at level of r3, 428 – 477 wide at r6 (n=9), lightly reticulated over entire surface, without puncta behind level of setae Z4; shield with 38 pairs of setae generally similar in size and acutely pointed form, J1-J4 about as long or slightly longer than longitudinal intervals between their bases; J5 minute, barbed (8 – 12): j1, j2 (45 – 60), j3 (67 – 76), j4 (50 – 57), j5 (56 – 62), j6 (70 – 77), z1 (37 – 42), z2 (56 – 65), z3 (60 – 68), z4 (72 – 77), z5 (52 – 62), z6 (62 – 74); s1 (58 – 75), s2 (65 – 75), s3 (70 – 75), s4 (70 – 80), s5 (82 – 92), s6 (85 – 96), r2 (62 – 74), r3 erect (60 – 67), r4 (75 – 80), r5 (75 – 82), r6 (70 – 79), J1 (65 – 75), J2 (68 – 77), J3 (67 – 82), J4 (70 – 75), Z1, Z2 (92 – 103), Z3 (100 – 112), Z4 (107 – 122), Z5 (93 – 110), S1 (77 – 95), S2, S3 (88 – 103), S4 (97 – 110), S5 (82 – 105). Lateral soft cuticle with seven pairs of smooth setae, including R1-R3 (48 – 62), R4-R6 (42 – 53) and ZV5 (47 – 55) posteriorly (Figs. 1A, B, C). Adult male. Dorsal shield 493 – 610 long, 315 – 342 wide at level of setae r3, 345 – 367 wide at r6 (n = 8); shield ornamentation, complement of pore-like structures and setation as in female; posterolateral setae attenuated as in female. Setae j1 (40 – 50), j2 (35 – 47), j3 (50 – 60), j4 (38 – 45), j5 (43 – 47), j6 (53 – 62), z1 (28 – 38), z2, z3 (43 – 55), z4 (52 – 62), z5 (40 – 45), z6 (48 – 55), s1 (47 – 57), s2-s4 (50 – 65), s5, s6 (60 – 75), r2 (50 – 60), r3 erect (38 – 55), r4, r5 (53 – 67), r6 (45 – 57), J1, J2 (43 – 55), J3 (50 – 62), J4 (40 – 47), J5 (5 – 9), Z1 (63 – 80), Z2 (65 – 92), Z3 (66 – 98), Z5 (61 – 77), S1 (54 – 72), S2 (55 – 77), S3, S4 (60 – 78), S5 (50 – 70), Z4 longest (80 – 102) of opisthonotal setae. Lateral soft cuticle with five or six pairs of R- setae (33 – 48) (Fig. 2A), R2 sometimes on small platelet (Fig. 2E). Idiosomatic venter — Adult female. Tritosternum base sometimes biarticulate, 38 – 43 long and 20 – 22 wide at its base, with paired laciniae fused for about 22 – 25 of entire length (122 – 135). Presternal region with circumscribed pair of weakly granulated, lineated areas, flanked anteriorly by a pair of weak or distinct narrow strips on either side of tritosternal base, and with setae st1 (33 – 37) inserted on this region, anterior to sternal shield. Sternal shield 127 – 135 long from anterior margin at transverse level with poroids iv1 to slightly concave posterior margin, 125 – 136 wide, weakly lineated along lateral margins, smooth medially; sternal setae st2, st3 of similar length (30 – 37). Sternal poroids iv3 alone on soft cuticle, setae st4 (28 – 35) on tiny metasternal platelets (13 – 15 x 8 – 11). Endopodal strips narrow between coxae III and IV. Epigynal shield sparsely reticulated, its broadly rounded hyaline anterior margin not overlapping posterior edge of sternal shield, its lateral margins slightly concave, narrowed anterior to setae st5 (38 – 47), and its posterolateral corners emarginated behind st5; shield 208 – 225 long, 118 – 137 at widest level at posterior rounded corners, 80 – 87 at narrowest width between legs IV. Opisthosomatic venter with two pairs of well separated metapodal platelets, primary pair elongate-oval, 33 – 40 long, 15 – 19 wide, secondary pair small, 10 – 16 by 5 – 7. Ventrianal shield inversely subtriangular with angulose or rounded anterior corners, with posterolateral margins on either side of anus divergent anteriorly; surface entirely reticulate, and punctate on either side of postanal seta; shield wider (293 – 337) than long (212 – 232), width at anal level (130 – 155); poroids ivo2 on shield anterior edge behind setae ZV1; gland pore gv3 on or off shield posterior to anal opening; shield with four pairs of ventral setae: JV1 (37 – 42), JV2 (43 – 50), JV3 (44 – 55), ZV2 (35 – 48); with paranal setae (21 – 27) shorter than postanal seta (43 – 65). Soft cuticle with five pairs of simple opisthogastric setae, ZV1 (35 – 44) anterior to ventrianal shield, ZV3 (33 – 43), ZV4 (37 – 44), JV5 (55 – 67) flanking the shield, and ZV5 aligned behind R6; three pairs of poroids on soft cuticle. Peritrematal-exopodal shield with lines extending from stigma into rounded posterior margin (Fig. 1C); peritreme extending to level between setae s1 and z1 (Fig. 1A). Spermathecal apparatus with cup-like calyx 28 – 29 long to embolus, 30 – 31 including it (Fig. 1F). Adult male. Tritosternum much as in female, but with base biarticulate, longer (20 – 32) than wide (15 – 19), and with laciniae fused for only about 10 – 15 of entire length (88 – 107). Presternal region faintly sclerotized, with a pair of distinct narrow strips on either side of tritosternal base, and with setae st1 inserted on this region on either side of genital opening. Sternitigenital shield length 225 – 267, narrowest widths 88 – 113 at level between coxae II, 77 – 95 between coxae III, 58 – 87 between coxae IV; shield slightly lineated along lateral margins and posteriorly between coxae IV, unornamented medially, with endopodal apices freely acuminate beside coxae IV; setae st1 (28 – 32) and st5 (28 – 37) longer, st2-st4 (17 – 26); poroids iv3 sometimes hardly discernible flanking faint pair of pits (Fig. 2A). Ventrianal shield well reticulated and with punctate fields in anal region as in female, its convex anterior margin sometimes excised near apices of exopodal strips behind coxae IV, and posterolateral margins slightly constricted in anal region; shield much wider (278 – 337) than long (170 – 228, including cribrum ca. 8 – 11 long, 58 – 65 wide); shield with six or usually seven pairs of opisthogastric setae, JV5 asymmetrically on or off shield (Figs. 1A, B); JV1 and ZV1 (23 – 32), JV2 (28 – 37), ZV2 (28 – 32), JV3 (28 – 42), ZV3 (23 – 30), JV5 (39 – 50); postanal seta smooth (39 – 47), about twice as long as paranal setae (15 – 22). Soft opisthogastric cuticle with two pairs of setae, ZV4 (26 – 30), and ZV5 (30 – 42) aligned behind R6, one pair of lyrifissures, ivp. Gnathosoma — Adult female. Gnathotectum anterior margin broadly truncate, with two lateral smooth prongs and serrate medial edge (Fig. 1D). Cheliceral shaft, excluding basal section, 160 – 173 long, with slender digits; dorsal seta blunt (13 – 14); fixed digit with tiny offset subapical tooth and row of 18-22 very fine teeth (Fig. 1G), pilus dentilus minute, at level between 4 th- 5 th apical teeth; movable digit (71 – 75) tridentate (Fig. 1H). Subcapitulum rows of deutosternal denticles progressively slightly wider posteriorly, each with numerous (ca 30-35) fine denticles, 6th and sometimes 7th widest and with ca 40-45 and 35-40 teeth, respectively (Fig. 1E); subcapitular setae hp1 (40 – 45) slightly shorter than hp3 (48 – 52) and capitular seta pc (43 – 52), hp3 much longer than hp2 (23 – 27). Palp length (195 – 212); apical margin of palptrochanter with a single spine anterolaterally; palptrochanter setae dissimilar in length, v1 48 – 52, v2 38 – 42. Adult male. Gnathotectum as in female (Fig. 2C). Cheliceral shaft, excluding short basal section 105 – 130 long; fixed digit with offset subapical tooth followed by minute pilus dentilis inserted on small angular protrusion and row of 11-16 small teeth (Fig. 2H); movable digit (40 – 45) unidentate; spermatodactyl 45 – 54 long, 8 – 9 wide at medial region, extending anteriorly 28 – 37 beyond apex of digit, with narrowed neck and small bifid head apically (Figs. 2F, G). Corniculi more widely spaced but not more arched than in female, 33 – 37 long, and flanked medially by pair of short (7-10) spiculate processes (Figs 2D, 11A); internal malae and labrum as in female. Subcapitulum with seven rows of deutosternal denticles much as in female, sixth and seventh rows slightly widest; hypostomatic setae hp1 (28 – 32) similarly as long as pc (25 – 37), hp3 usually longest (30 – 50), hp2 (12 – 20). Palpi (length 145 – 187) similar in structure, form of setae as in female; palptrochanter with inner seta longer (30 – 44) than outer seta (17 – 32) but not markedly whip-like. Legs — Adult female. Legs I (707 – 755) about as long as legs IV (715 – 750), and about as long as dorsal shield; other leg lengths (excluding pretarsi): II (565 – 600), III (587 – 615). Leg I pretarsus with biarticulate shaft (38 – 42 to base of claws), tarsus (187 – 205) about 1.6 longer than tibia; other length ratios, femur (135 – 147): genu (112 – 118): tibia (117 – 125) about 1.15: 0.95: 1.0. Legs II-IV with tarsus/tibia length ratios about 2.0-2.3. Chaetotactic formulae of leg segments as given for species-group. Tarsi II-IV with ventroapical process (12 – 17) bluntly pointed, smooth apically (Figs 13A, H), and with setae (d- 1) (23 – 30) slightly shorter than pretarsus to base of claws (28 – 37). Tarsi II-IV with paradactyli asymmetrical, anterior element increasingly extending beyond tip of claw from II to IV, its length 30 – 35, twice as long as claw (15) on leg IV (Fig. 14A). Tarsi II and III with setae (l- 1) and (v-1) symmetrical in form, pl-1 (32 – 35) and av-1 (36 – 47) slightly longer than al-1 (27 – 30) and pv-1 (26 – 37), respectively. Tarsus IV with distal seta av-1 (50 – 60) blunt, clearly larger, thicker than pv-1 (37 – 45); adjacent setae (l-1) symmetrically short (20 – 27), slender (Fig. 14A). Tarsi II-IV with dorsal seta md nearly reaching base of claws, and nearly as long as smooth attenuated setae (d-2) (67 – 80 on II, 85 – 100 on III, 95 – 110 on IV). Adult male. Legs I clearly longer than dorsal shield, not thicker than those of female; relative leg lengths, excluding pretarsi, similar to those of female, I 550 – 660, II 445 – 524, III 455 – 552, IV 575 – 675. Legs with segment length ratios as in female. Tarsus I with long pretarsus (25 – 37 to base of claws), claws 10 – 12 long. Tarsi II-IV with dorsoapical setal processes (d-1), ventroapical process and pretarsal structures formed as in female, pretarsus lengths 27 – 35 excluding claws (10) (Fig. 13B). Legs III-IV with tibial setae (v) and leg IV genual seta av dimorphically thicker, spinelike, less attenuate; length and form of other setae much as in female; seta pl-3 of basitarsus II smooth, attenuate (36 – 38) (Fig. 13B), but pl-3 of basitarsi III, IV (21 – 22) similar to pl- 2 in thicker, slightly shorter form than other three basitarsal setae. Type material — Except the final one, noted below, all specimens collected at the La Selva Biological Station, Heredia Province, Costa Rica (10°26´N, 84°01´W, elevation 50-150 m): HOLOTYPE: adult female, 8 July 1997, ex adult Cephaloleia bella Baly on Heliconia pogonantha leaves, coll. M. Paniagua. PARATYPES: 1 adult female, 1 adult male, with same data as holotype; 2 adult females, 1 adult male, 12 June 1997, ex coexistent adults of Cephaloleia belti Baly and C. ornatrix Donckier from Heliconia leaves, coll. ALAS; 3 adult females, 2 adult males, 15 April 1994, ex adult Chrysomelidae, no host plant data, M. Paniagua coll.; 1 adult female, 1 adult male, June 1997, ex adult Cephaloleia bella Baly, no host plant data, coll. D. Johnson; 1 adult female (gravid with larva), 1 adult male, June 1997, ex adult Cephaloleia belti Baly, no host plant data, coll. D. Johnson; 2 adult males, February 1994, associated with adult Chelobasis sp. on leaves of Heliconia pogonantha, coll. E.E. Lindquist & ALAS; 1 adult female, 2 adult males, 18 February 1994, ex adult Chrysomelidae, no host plant data, coll. ALAS; 3 adult females, 2 June 1997, with adult hispine beetles on Heliconiaceae leaves, coll. E.E. Lindquist; 2 adult females, June 1997, ex adult Cephaloleia vicina on Heliconia pogonantha, coll. not indicated; 1 adult male, February 1994, associated with adult Cephaloleia vicina on leaf of Heliconia pogonantha, coll. E.E. Lindquist & ALAS. Costa Rica, Osa Peninsula, Corcovado National Park (8°27.39´N, 83°25.45´W,elevation 10-500 m): 1 adult male, May 1997, ex adult Chelobasis bicolor Gray, no host plant data, coll. D. Johnson. Host identifications — Some of the identities of the associated beetles given above are in accord with current molecular studies, i.e., those as noted below for Lasioseius serripes. However, the following identities are discordant. Cephaloleia vicina does not occur at La Selva, and specimens identified as such from there are, in all cases checked by DNA barcodes, C. bella. Further, C. bella normally does not occur on Heliconia pogonantha; thousands of field diet records indicate it feeds only on H. imbricata (Garcia-Robledo et al., 2017). Etymology — The specific name is based on the chrysomelid subfamilial name Cassidinae, which includes the tribes Arescini and Imatidiini (or Cephaloleini) to which beetle associates of the genera Chelobasis and Cephaloleia belong, respectively. We have chosen this name for the species with the widest array of host associates and as the species-group name, anticipating that rolled-leaf beetles of other genera in these tribes will be found to live with these mites. Remarks — The male from Corcovado measured ca 12-19% smaller in dimensions than seven males measured from La Selva; however, in other descriptive aspects it fully resembles those from La Selva. Two females are asymmetrical in having humeral seta r3 inserted off the dorsal shield on one side, yet the aligned r2 and r4-r6 are on the shield. Two females show asymmetry in size and arrangement of the vertical cluster of setae j1, j2, z1; one male lacks one j2. Collection records of this mite species associated with beetles of three different species of Cephaloleia and one of Chelobasis leave uncertainty as to host preferences, particularly as beetles of these species are often coexistent (Garcia-Robledo 2010, Staines 2011, Schmitt & Frank 2013, Moraza & Lindquist 2015). Adults of Lasioseius cassidini are clearly the largest of the described species of this group. However, the data available are inadequate to test whether a mite/beetle size correlation exists, such as was hypothesized for larger mites being associated with larger beetles, for species of Hispiniphis and Makarovaia, which are more intimate subelytral associates of these same beetles (Moraza & Lindquist 2015, 2016). Although there are records of a few specimens of L. cassidini with relatively large beetles of Chelobasis, including one from the Osa Peninsula, they are based only on adult male mites, which may not present inherent preferences phoretically. Tentatively, subject to further studies, we conclude that, at La Selva, Lasioseius cassidini may be associated regularly with small beetles of the host specialist Cephaloleia bella and to some extent with the host generalist C. belti on Heliconia imbricata.Published as part of Moraza, Maria L. & Lindquist, Evert E., 2018, A new species-group with new species of the genus Lasioseius (Acari: Mesostigmata: Blattisociidae) associated with Neotropical hispine beetles in furled leaves ofHeliconia, pp. 62-98 in Acarologia 58 (1) on pages 69-74, DOI: 10.24349/acarologia/20184227, http://zenodo.org/record/448753
Lasioseius duobtusisetis Moraza & Lindquist 2018, n. sp.
No full textLasioseius duobtusisetis n. sp. (Figures 10, 12 E-F, 13I, 14C) Zoobank: F8B79273-9C72-4212-816C-8BC080C933CE Diagnosis. Adult female: Sternal shield weakly lineate along lateral margins, smooth medially, its posterolateral corners not emarginated; poroids iv3 and setae st4 together on slender metasternal platelets; epigynal shield partially reticulated laterally, its lateral margins gently concave, narrowed anterior to setae st5; ventrianal shield with posterolateral margins on either side of anus nearly parallel, and with four pairs of opisthogastric setae, JV1 on shield; metapodal plates well separated on each side. Dorsal setae r6 on soft cuticle; setae Z5, S5 thickened, spinelike with blunt tips, Z4, S4 somewhat thickened but attenuated. Adult attributes: Gnathotectum anterior margin triramous, denticulate. Fixed chela with file of ca 20 teeth in female. Sternal setae st1 inserted on anterior edge of sternal shield. Tarsi II-IV with ventral apical process bluntly pointed, smooth apically; tarsi II-III with setae (v- 1), (l-1) symmetrically stout; tarsus IV with apical seta av-1 longer, stouter than pv-1, (l-1), and pretarsus with anterior paradactylus longer than posterior one. Description Idiosomatic dorsum — Adult female. Dorsal shield 540 – 595 long, 293 – 319 wide at level of r3, 320 – 345 at level of r5 (n=4), lightly reticulated over most of surface, but nearly smooth in dorsal hexagonal area (delimited by setae j5-z5-j6), not punctate behind level of setae Z4, but finely transversely striate between Z5 behind J5; shield with 37 pairs of setae, with lengths of most podonotal setae and J1-J3 not reaching bases of following setae; Z5, S5 thickened, spinelike with blunt tips, Z4, S4 somewhat thickened but attenuated (Figs. 10A, B): j1 (34 – 42), j2 (31 – 40), j3 (39 – 43), j4 (28 – 34), j5 (30 – 37), j6 (38 – 50), z1 (24 – 27), z2 (33 – 40), z3 (40 – 43), z4 (40 – 50), z5 (30 – 38), z6 (37 – 40), s1 (29 – 35), s2 (38 – 50), s3 (43 – 50), s4 (40 – 51), s5 (45 – 52), s6 (50 – 57), r2 (40 – 50), r3 erect (38 – 42), r4 (44 – 57), r5 (47 – 57), J1 (33 – 38), J2 (33 – 42), J3 (43 – 52), J4 (40 – 57), J5 minute and barbed (7 – 9), Z1 (53 – 62), Z2 (58 – 62), Z3 (62 – 70), Z4 (80 – 87), Z5 blunt (85 – 103), S1 (48 – 59), S2 (55 – 67), S3 (58 – 69), S4 (63 – 75), S5 blunt (75 – 90). Lateral soft cuticle with eight pairs of smooth setae, including r6 (45 – 60), R 1 (35 – 52), R 2- R 6 shorter (28 – 42) and ZV5 posteriorly (40) (Fig. 10C). Idiosomatic venter — Adult female. Tritosternum base 26 – 35 long, 15 – 16 wide at its base, with paired laciniae fused for about 10 – 17 of their total length (112 – 118). Presternal region with circumscribed pair of weakly granulated areas with jigsawed lineation, sometimes flanked anteriorly by a pair of narrow slightly sclerotized strips. Sternal shield 115 – 127 long, with slightly concave posterior margin, 98 – 109 wide, its surface nearly smooth medially, weakly lineate along lateral margins; sternal setae st1-st3 attenuate, of similar length (21 – 25) (Fig. 10C). Sternal poroids iv3 and setae st4 (20 – 22) inserted together on small metasternal platelets (21 – 26 long). Endopodal strips narrow between coxae III and IV. Epigynal shield with lightly reticulated lateral areas separated by smooth area medially, its narrowly rounded hyaline anterior margin reaching or slightly overlapping posterior edge of sternal shield, its lateral margins slightly concave, narrowed anterior to setae st5 (20 – 24), and its posterolateral corners slightly emarginated behind st5: shield 178 – 197 long, 82 – 102 at widest level at posterior angulate corners, 70 – 75 at level of st5, and 54 – 62 at narrowest width between legs IV. Opisthosomatic venter with two pairs of well separated metapodal platelets, primary pair oval, 30 – 40 long, 15 – 19 wide, secondary pair small, greatest dimension transverse, 18 – 25. Ventrianal shield inversely subtriangular with rounded anterior corners, with posterolateral margins on either side of anus nearly parallel; surface entirely sculptured, with primarily transverse lineation changing to reticulation behind setae JV2-ZV2, except anal region conspicuously punctate on either side of postanal seta; shield wider (216 – 235) than long, including cribrum (176 – 197), 113 – 132 wide at anal region; shield with four pairs of ventral setae and glandular pores gv3: JV1 (19 – 22), JV2 (22 – 25), JV3 (23 – 27), ZV2 (23 – 29); with paranal setae (17 – 20) shorter than postanal seta (36 – 45). Soft cuticle with five pairs of simple opisthogastric setae, ZV1 (22 – 24) anterior to ventrianal shield, ZV3 (22 – 26), ZV4 (25 – 33), JV5 markedly thicker (53 – 57) flanking the shield, and ZV5 somewhat aligned behind R 6; four pairs of poroids (including ivp). Peritrematal-exopodal shield lineate posteriorly behind leg IV; peritreme extending to level between insertions of setae s1 and z1 (Fig. 10C). Spermathecal apparatus with cup-like calyx 40 long including embolus and 22 wide at distal margin (Fig. 10 F). Gnathosoma — Gnathotectum anterior margin triramous, with three short denticulate prongs, lateral margin slightly serrate (Fig. 10D). Cheliceral shaft, excluding basal section, 161 – 182 long, with slender digits; dorsal seta blunt (10); fixed digit with tiny, slightly offset subapical tooth and row of 20-28 very fine teeth (Fig. 10G), pilus dentilus minute (3) at level of 4 th or 5 th apical tooth; movable digit (70 – 80) tridentate. Subcapitulum rows of deutosternal denticles each with numerous (ca 20-30) fine denticles, 6 th and sometimes 7 th slightly widest and with ca 35 and 30 teeth, respectively; subcapitular setae hp1 (41 – 45) nearly as long as capitular setae pc (48 – 50), hp3 shorter (30 – 32), but longer than hp2 (13 – 17) (Fig. 10E). Palp length (160 – 165); apical margin of palptrochanter with a single spine anterolaterally; palptrochanter setae dissimilar in length, v1 42 – 45 and v2 27 – 36 (Fig. 10E). Legs — Legs I (503 – 562) slightly longer than legs IV (488 – 546), and shorter than dorsal shield; other leg lengths (excluding pretarsi): II 390 – 445, III 380 – 442. Leg I pretarsus with biarticulated shaft (25 – 27 to base of claws), claws 15 long; tarsus (142 – 167) about 1.8 longer than tibia; other length ratios, femur (88 – 105): genu (73 – 82): tibia (80 – 95), about 1.1: 0.9: 1.0. Legs II-III with tarsus/tibia length ratio about 1.8-2.2, leg IV with that ratio about 1.8-1.9. Chaetotactic formulae of leg segments as given for species-group. Tarsi II-IV with ventroapical process (8 – 10) bluntly pointed, smooth apically (Figs 13I, 14C), and with setae (d-1) (13 – 18) nearly as long as pretarsus to base of claws (15 – 18). Tarsi II-III with paradactyli reaching tips of tarsal claws, but tarsus IV with anterior paradactylus about 1.5 longer (Fig. 14C). Tarsi II and III with setae (l- 1) and (v-1) symmetrically stout, pl-1 (18) and pv-1 (18 – 25) slightly longer than al-1 (15) and av-1 (17 – 20), respectively; md (43 – 50) reaching bases of claws; setae (d-2) symmetrically attenuate (45 – 53). Tarsus IV with apical seta av-1 longer (28 – 45), stouter than pv-1 (16 – 23); setae (l-1) symmetrically similar in length (13 – 15), md (55 – 61) and (d-2) (60 – 72) attenuate (Fig. 14C). ADULT MALE. Unknown. Type material — All specimens collected at the La Selva Biological Station, Heredia Province, Costa Rica (10°26´N, 84°01´W, elevation 50-150 m): HOLOTYPE: adult female, (CRI 002, 739028), 8 July 1997, ex adult Chelobasis perplexa Baly, no host plant data, coll. M Paniagua. PARATYPES: 1 adult female, February 1994, associated with adult Chelobasis sp. on leaf of Heliconia pogonantha, coll. E.E. Lindquist & ALAS; 1 adult female, 15 April 1994, ex adult Chrysomelidae, no host plant data, coll. M. Paniagua; 1 adult female, 12 June 1997, ex adult Cephaloleia aequilata Uhmann (misidentification, see below) on leaf of Calathea, coll. ALAS; 1 adult female, 12 June 1997, ex adult Cephaloleia erichsonii Baly on leaf of Calathea, coll. ALAS. Host identifications — With one exception, the identities of the associated beetles given above are in accord with current molecular studies of their field diet records, which indicate that one haplotype of Chelobasis perplexa sensu stricto is on Heliconia pogonantha. Cephalolaeia erichsonii is a host generalist. Cephaloleia aequilata does not occur at La Selva, and specimens identified as such from there are, in all cases checked by DNA barcodes, C. dilaticollis Baly, which is a host generalist, often on Heliconia, Calathea and other host plants (Carlos Garcia-Robledo, personal communications 2017; Garcia-Robledo et al. 2017). Etymology — The specific name is a Latinized adjectival combination of ‘duo-obtusi-setis’, referring to two pairs of characteristically blunt-tipped setae Z5 and S5 on the dorsal shield. Remarks — One female asymmetrically lacks one of setae s2. One female asymmetrically has seta JV4 inserted on the ventrianal shield; otherwise, this setal pair is symmetrically absent, characteristically in all species described of this group. One female at hand, from under elytra of Cephaloleia erichsonii, Corcovado National Park, May 1997, coll. D. Johnson, has been tentatively identified as Lasioseius duobtusisetis, but is excluded from the type material. It differs primarily from other females by having lengths of most podonotal setae and J1-J3 longer, reaching beyond bases of following setae; yet setae Z5, S5 are thickened, spinelike with blunt tips, and Z4, S4 somewhat thickened but attenuated, which are distinctive of this species. Two aspects of the sparse collection data are notable, with two records of association with beetles of the genus Chelobasis, and two other records with beetles of two species of Cephaloleia from leaves of a different genus of host plant, Calathea. Tentatively, subject to further studies, we conclude that, at La Selva, Lasioseius duobtusisetis is associated regularly with generalist forms of Chelobasis perplexa and Cephaloleia erichsonii on leaves of various species of Heliconia (and C. erichsonii also on various species of Calathea and Goeppertia), and also to some extent with another generalist form, Cephaloleia dilaticollis on a similar variety of host plant genera (Staines & Garcia-Robledo 2014, Garcia-Robledo et al. 2017).Published as part of Moraza, Maria L. & Lindquist, Evert E., 2018, A new species-group with new species of the genus Lasioseius (Acari: Mesostigmata: Blattisociidae) associated with Neotropical hispine beetles in furled leaves ofHeliconia, pp. 62-98 in Acarologia 58 (1) on pages 88-93, DOI: 10.24349/acarologia/20184227, http://zenodo.org/record/448753
Opilioseius grallator Lindquist & Moraza, 2010, new species
No full textOpilioseius grallator new species (Figs 1–29, 32– 35, 39, 40) Diagnosis. With the attributes of the genus. In addition, dorsal shield with setae z 2, z 5, j 6 nearly as short as clunal setae J 5, with s 5 the longest, over half as long as dorsal shield, and with Z 3 and Z 4 subequally next longest, slightly longer than Z 5; peritremes reaching only to level of setae z 4; coxa II with seta av minute; leg IV with greatly elongated setae on genu (pd - 1), tibia (ad - 1), basitarsus (ad - 4), and telotarsus (ad - 3). Description. ADULT FEMALE . Dorsal shield 290-350 long, 165–200 at its greatest width at level of setae r 3; shield smooth, unornamented over entire surface (Fig. 12); with 23 pairs of attenuated, mostly smooth setae, except J 5 and few of longest setae sparsely, almost imperceptibly barbed basally. Dorsal setae of greatly different lengths, J 5 shortest (4–6), z 2, z 5, j 6 nearly as short (7–12), j 1 moderately short (25–30), s 5 longest (193–220), Z 3 (125–145) and Z 4 (125–138) subequally next longest, followed by Z 5 (105–115), r 3 (88–100), j 5 (55–68); other setae of different moderate lengths (27–58) (Fig. 12). Lateral soft cuticle with three pairs of simple r -R marginal setae (30–55). Peritrematal plates uniting with dorsal shield anteriorly at level of setae s 1; peritremes shortened, reaching anteriorly to level of setae z 4. Tritosternum (Fig. 5) with base twice as long (23–28) as wide, with laciniae free for about 0.8 of total length (70–79 excluding base), their fused area with a chevron of denticles. Presternal area with pair of weakly sclerotized plates consolidated with sternal shield (Fig. 16). Sternal shield mid-lateral length from anterior edge of sternal/presternal margin to posterior margin 95–105, narrowest width 70–80, unornamented, weakly sclerotized; anterior margin deeply emarginate medially; lateral margins indented at level between lyrifissures iv 1 and setae st 2, and with weak endopodal extensions between coxae I–II and II–III; posterior margin slightly concave. Sternal setae st 1 -st 4 of similar length (50–60), st 4 on weakly sclerotized metasternal plates. Endopodal strips weakly developed between coxae III and IV. Epigynal shield 96-120 long, 80-95 wide at level of setae st 5, unornamented, axe-shaped with truncate posterior margin and tapered, slightly concave lateral margins, with genital setae st 5 (51–55) subequally as long as st 1 -st 4. Paragenital poroids iv 5 well removed on soft cuticle from posterolateral corners of epigynal shield. Ventrianal shield unornamented, smaller than epigynal shield, midlength 66–75, greatest width near convex anterior margin 55–65, with two pairs of opisthogastric setae JV 2 (45-60), ZV 2 (35–52), subequally short paranal (21–24) and postanal setae (18–20), and gland pores gv 3 (Fig. 16). Soft cuticle with six pairs of opisthogastric setae JV 1 (40–43), ZV 1 (40–45), ZV 3 (24–30), JV 4 (65–72), ZV 4 (38–42), JV 5 (80–87), flanked by posteriormost pair of marginal R setae. Peritrematal shield slightly wider than stigma at that level, bearing three poroids, three gland pores, and consolidated with slender exopodal strip curving behind coxa IV (Figs 15, 16). Spermathecal apparatus with long (40–42), slender, thinly sclerotized calyx, and a minor duct arising from embolus near base of calyx, seeming to adhere to calyx wall and ending amidst folds of highly plicate and expandable vesicle (Figs 14 a– b). Gnathotectum with anterior margin irregularly convex to nearly truncate, denticulate (Fig. 11). Cheliceral shaft, excluding basal section, 85–87 long, with stout digits; dorsal face of fixed digit with blunt protuberance at base of short, basally thick, dorsal seta (Fig. 10); fixed digit with minute (1.5–2.0) pilus dentilis, with row of 9 or 10 coarse teeth along entire masticatory surface and offset subapical tooth (Figs 8, 10); movable digit (30–35) with row of 5 or 6 similarly coarse teeth along apical half of masticatory surface, followed basally by series of several indentations that accommodate more basal teeth of fixed digit; movable digit with two paraxial grooves running proximally and ventrally, one on apical third, leading from base of subapical tooth, one on mid-third, leading from base of second tooth (Figs 8, 9). Corniculi with medial edges and pointed apices well separated but parallel; internal malae slightly longer than corniculi (Fig. 1). Deutosternum with anterior five rows of denticles each with 5-7 fine teeth, the first, third and fifth rows flanked by arched denticulate extensions (Fig. 1), sixth and seventh rows widened, multidenticulate. Subcapitulum with lateral hypostomatic setae hp 2 subequally as long as anterior pair hp 1 (25–30); medial pair hp 3 longer (30–35), basal pair pc longest (39–42). Palpal length 105–110, not elongated. Palptrochanter setae slender, inner seta slightly longer than outer one; palpfemur with seta pl (30–35) the longest of palpal setae, and with seta al spatulate, with flat tip; palpgenu with setae al - 1 and al - 2 spatulate, with rounded tips (Figs 6, 7). Legs IV the longest (810–875, excluding pretarsus) of legs, about 2.4-2.7 as long as dorsal shield (Fig. 39); other leg lengths: I 705–730, II 458–490, III 498–540. Legs II, III, IV with tarsus 3.2–3.7, 3.9–4.1, 3.6– 3.7 times, respectively, as long as tibia. Tarsi II–IV with pair of apical setal processes ad - 1, pd - 1 minute (8– 10), less than 0.2 the length of pretarsus to base of claws (50–55 for II-III, 80–85 for IV) (Fig. 21). Leg I segment length ratios, femur: genu: tibia: tarsus, about 1.0: 0.8: 0.95–1.0: 2.0–2.1; tarsus (265–268) longer than femur (125–139), genu (100–111), and tibia (123–130); length of pretarsus I to base of claws 20–26. Coxae II–IV each with a raised boss on ventral surface (Fig. 16); coxal setae simple, moderately long (30–40), except coxa II av short (5–6). Legs I to IV with chaetotactic formulae of segments as described for genus. Legs I and II (Figs 17, 18) without notably long setae, except tibia I ad - 3 (52–60) and basitarsus II ad - 4 (38– 45) slightly elongated; genu I setae pd - 2, pd - 3 with blunt bent tips, stouter and shorter (17–20) than neighboring ad setae. Leg III with tibial ad - 1 (42–50) and pd - 2 (55–72) somewhat elongated (Fig. 19), and basitarsal ad - 4 slightly so. Leg IV with femoral setae v and al - 1 somewhat elongated (60–70), v stiff, aligned proximal to al - 1 in an anterolateral position (Fig. 20); genual seta pd - 1 (235–260) and tibial seta ad - 1 (220– 280) greatly elongated, tibial pd - 1 (80–85) slightly so; basitarsal seta ad - 4 (212–242) and telotarsal seta ad - 3 (202–225) greatly elongated, basitarsal pd - 4 (95–100) slightly so (Fig. 21). ADULT MALE . Dorsal shield 224–290 long, 185-200 at its greatest width at level of setae r 5; shield form, ornamentation, and setation as in female except more expanded anterolaterally so as to bear setae r 5 and to be more broadly united to peritrematal shields at level of setae r 3 (Fig. 32). Form and proportionate size of dorsal shield setae as in female, except setae collectively about 15-20 percent shorter, e. g., z 2, z 5, j 6 (5–10), s 5 (153– 162), Z 3, Z 4 (100–105), Z 5 (68–70), r 3 (73–80), j 5 (40–52). Lateral soft cuticle without any R -marginal setae. Peritremes as in female, reaching anteriorly to level of setae z 4 -s 4. Tritosternum as in female, including chevron of denticles on fused basal portion of laciniae. Ventral shields unornamented, as in female. Sternitigenital shield mid-lateral length 132–140, width 80 at level between coxae II, with five pairs of setae of similar lengths (40–47) and two pairs of poroids; lateral margins slightly indented between coxae II, deeply incised between bases of setae st 3 and st 4, and again behind st 4, partly delineating metasternal and genital portions of shield (Fig. 33). Endopodal strips alongside coxae II–III and III–IV weakly developed, free from sternitigenital shield. Ventrianal shield mid-length (70–75), greatest midlateral width (83–94) at level of setae JV 2, with irregularly convex lateral margins, bearing the only four pairs of opisthogastric setae present, JV 1, ZV 2, JV 2, JV 5 plus the circumanal setae; form and relative size of these setae as in female, but collectively about 25 percent shorter. Metapodal plates indiscernible. Gnathotectum (Fig. 28) similar to that of female. Cheliceral fixed digit with minute pilus dentilis and row of 6-8 coarse teeth (Fig. 25); movable digit (27–28) with two or three teeth, or these are indentations to receive some of apposed teeth of fixed digit; spermatodactyl a complex structure, which in dorsoventral view seems to have a pointed spearlike process (21) covering the twisted apex of the main dactyl shaft (length 16 to concave apex) that bears the sperm transfer tube (Figs 25–27). Corniculi (28–29) more slender and widely spaced basally, with their apices more flared than in female; internal malae slightly longer and more acute apically than in female (Fig. 29). Subcapitulum with rows of deutosternal denticles and relative lengths of setae as in female. Palpal structures similar to those in female. Relative leg lengths, excluding pretarsi, similar to those of female, I (607–616), II (397–410), III (434– 446), IV (695–744). Leg I segment length ratios, leg coxal structures and setae (including short av on coxa II and slightly spinelike pd- 2 and pd- 3 on genu I), and relative leg setal lengths as in female except setae collectively about 15–25 percent shorter. DEUTONYMPH. Dorsal shield weakly sclerotized, 261 long, 148 at its greatest width at level of setae s 5; shield without discernible lateral incisions, its form and setation as in female except less expanded anterolaterally so that setae s 1 and r 3 on soft cuticle, and anterior apices of peritrematal shields ending freely (Fig. 34). Form and proportionate size of dorsal shield setae as in female, except setae collectively about 15- 20 percent shorter. Lateral soft cuticle with four pairs of marginal setae, r 3, r 5, R 4, R 5. Peritrematal shield a thin strip, reaching anteriorly to level of setae st 1, and extending posteriorly from stigma only to bear poroid ip 3 and gland pore gp 3; peritreme reaching anteriorly to mid-level of coxae III. Tritosternum as in female, including chevron of denticles on fused basal portion of laciniae. Intercoxal shield so poorly sclerotized that its delineation hardly perceptible, with four pairs of setae and two pairs of poroids, st 1 -st 3 of similar lengths (38–44), st 4 shorter (26), poroids iv 3 absent; setae st 5 (35) on soft cuticle (Fig. 35). Endopodal strips alongside coxae II-III developed, fused to intercoxal shield. Anal shield weakly sclerotized, oval (its anterior margin folded on specimen at hand), midlateral width (52) at level of setae ZV 2; paranal setae slightly longer than postanal seta. Eight pairs of opisthogastric setae on soft cuticle, ZV 3, ZV 4, shortest, JV 5 longest. Metapodal plates indiscernible. Gnathotectum, chelicerae, subcapitulum, and palpal structures as in adult female. Relative leg lengths, excluding pretarsi, I (527), II (377), III (453), IV (615); pretarsi, I (28), II-III (41), IV (70). Leg I segment length ratios, leg coxal structures and setae (including short av on coxa II), and relative leg setal lengths as in adult female except setae collectively about 25–30 percent shorter. Type material. All specimens from samples collected on the area of the La Selva Biological Station, Heredia Province, COSTA RICA (10 ° 26 ' 1 " N, 84 ° 1 ' 2 " W, elevation 50–150 m): HOLOTYPE: adult female, 150 m along Surá trail, ex “Hongo” (fungus), 21 February 1995, coll. ALAS. PARATYPES: 9 adult females, with same data as holotype; 8 adult females, 4 adult males, with same data as holotype except fungus determined as Coriolopsis, and coll. E.E. Lindquist; 1 adult female, 1 deutonymph, with same data as holotype except 9 March 1995; 1 adult female, Arboleda area, ex Hongo, 28 March 1995, coll. ALAS; 2 adult females, 645 m along Suampo trail, ex fungus, 18 April 1995, coll. ALAS; 2 adult females, 345 m along Holdridge trail, ex fungus, 18 April 1995, coll. ALAS; 5 adult females, ca 300 m along Occidental trail, ex polypore fungi on canopy-shaded log, 13 November 1992, coll. E.E. Lindquist. Etymology. The specific epithet, grallator, is masculine and based on the Latin “ gralla ”, meaning “stilt”, and indicates “one that walks on stilts”. Remarks. Resembling minute opilionid-like creatures (Fig. 39), these spindly-legged mites move slowly along the undersurfaces of the fungal fruiting bodies (sporocarps), which consist of a series of parallel laminae. The apices of all six of legs II to IV invariably rest on the tips of the laminae, like tiny feet on the joists of a subflooring. In feeding, they protrude their gnathosoma down between the laminae, without taking legs III–IV off the tips of the laminae. Whether they feed on fungal matter or on some of the various microarthropods (other mites, springtails, tiny beetles) that move between the laminae, was not ascertained (R.K. Colwell, personal observations, 13 March 1995). Full-sized eggs within adult female Opilioseius grallator are remarkably large relative to the female’s idiosoma (Fig. 40). Maximum length of eight eggs ranged from 250 to 300 µm, and were 0.74 to 0.85 the maternal females’ dorsal shield lengths of 312 to 337 µm, bearing in mind that the dorsal shield is fully developed, extending from just anterior of the vertical setae j 1 to just posterior to the clunals J 5. Females have an abundance of soft pliable cuticle between the dorsal and ventral shields, and a small ventrianal shield, which permit considerable idiosomatic expansion to accommodate such large eggs. One slide preparation of a female in lateral view shows a tremendous dorsoventral opisthosomatic distension that accommodates the greatest length of the egg at vertical right angles to that of her idiosoma, thus orienting the smallest egg dimension (width) for issue from the genital opening. Subsequent oviposition of such large eggs, whose greatest widths range from 192 to 210 µm, through a genital orifice whose width between the coxae of legs IV appears to be 130–150 µm, must depend on considerable egg flexibility and resilience (see Evans 1992), as there is no evidence of maternal idiosomatic rupture. Few data are available in the literature concerning this aspect of egg size among free-living mesostigmatic mites. Fully adequate metric data for egg size, i.e. egg mass or volume compared to adult female mass or volume, are not available. However, egg length/dorsal shield length ratios of 0.48 to 0.57 are evident in the phytoseiids Typhlodromalus peregrinus (Muma) and Phytoseius hawaiiensis Prasad, a family with relatively large egg sizes (Muma 1969; Sanderson & McMurtry 1984). A similar ratio of 0.45 to 0.48 is evident from the mature, newly-laid egg length versus the maternal dorsal shield length of Blattisocius patagiorum Treat given by Treat (1966). Other than Opilioseius grallator, the relatively largest eggs we've encountered are one in a female of Zercoseius spathuliger Berlese with length ratio of 0.67, and those of two undescribed species of Aceodromus, with length ratios of 0.51 to 0.63 from Brazil and 0.60 to 0.70 from the La Selva area in Costa Rica, the highest ratio being from an obviously mature egg containing a pharate larva. We are unaware of any other non-parasitic mesostigmatans having a fully developed dorsal shield (i.e., bearing setae j 1 to J 5) that have such proportionately large eggs. These stilt-legged mites coexist with a remarkable variety of other blattisociid mites occupying the same fungi. Although slide preparations and identifications were not made of any of the trombidiform or sarcoptiform (oribatid and astigmatan) mites that may occupy the same fungi, we have determined material of the following mesostigmatic taxa from just one of the several samples from which Opilioseius grallator was recovered: an undescribed blattisociid genus with one species (which we plan to describe next), 11 species of Lasioseius, four species of Cheiroseius, five species of Dendrolaelaspis, two species of Cosmolaelaps, and one each of Asca, Hypoaspis, Parasitus, and an undetermined (perhaps undescribed) genus of Veigaiidae. Of these 27 species, 16 were abundant (nine Lasioseius, three Cheiroseius, four Dendrolaelaspis), indicating they were regular members of that particular bracket fungal guild.Published as part of Lindquist, Evert E. & Moraza, Maria L., 2010, Revised diagnosis of the family Blattisociidae (Acari: Mesostigmata: Phytoseioidea), with a key to its genera and description of a new fungus- inhabiting genus from Costa Rica, pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 2479 on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19539
Spadiseius Lindquist & Moraza, 2008, new genus
No full textSpadiseius, new genus (Figs. 1–69) Type species: Spadiseius calyptrogynae new species. Genus based on adult female, male and immature instar material representing two newly described species, and on adult females and males of four undescribed species. Diagnosis. Nymphs and adults of Spadiseius share the following apomorphies with other genera included in the family Melicharidae: fixed chela with pilus dentilis modified from a setiform structure into an expanded hyaline lobe or flap (autapomorphic); movable chela (except for adult male) with a ventral mucro near its base (autapomorphic); peritrematal shield narrowly connected to or free posteriorly from exopodal plate beside coxa IV (homoplastic). They are distinguished apomorphically from those of other melicharid genera by the following three attributes. Dorsal shield of deutonymphs and adults somewhat hypertrichous, with one to several pairs of supernumerary setae inserted symmetrically near setae j 6 and sometimes among setae z 3 –z 5, s 3 – s 5 on the anterior region and sometimes asymmetrically among setae J 1 –J 4 on the posterior region. Dorsal shield of adult male with some to many of the peripheral setae of z–Z, s–S and r–R series enlarged dimorphically to form a variably well developed corona of basally thick and apically clavate or capitate or attenuate setae (those of female usually uniformly short, simple). Femur IV of deutonymph and adult female with dorsal seta ad- 1 thick, untapered, oar-like, in distinction to adjacent tapered setae. Other attributes include: dorsal shield of adults with lateral margins entire and with setae z 3 present; adult female with setae st 1 –st 3 on sternal shield (st 3 sometimes inserted on a posteriorly desclerotized region of this shield), st 4 with sternal poroids 3 inserted on soft cuticle, st 5 and paragenital poroids iv 5 inserted on soft cuticle alongside genital shield, and with obovate to nearly inversely subtriangular (rather than ovate or elliptical or subcircular) anal shield with gland pores gv 3; adult male with sternitigenital shield slightly narrowed and not consolidated with endopodal strips between coxae IV, and with weakly sclerotized ventrianal shield; setae st 5 usually attenuated, longer than st 1–4, and sometimes inserted on soft cuticle closely alongside sternitigenital shield, both sexes with relatively small anal opening (euanal setae and anal poroids on anal valves absent). Both sexes with anterior margin of tectum pointed or narrowly rounded, smooth or slightly serrated. Leg II of male with ventral setae unmodified on femur, but with av- 1, av- 2 and sometimes mv short, spine-like on tarsus. Description. Adult. Idiosomal dorsum. Dorsal shield of adults entire, without lateral incisions, ornamented with reticula on female and sometimes also with wart-like, seta-bearing thickenings on male, and lacking a delineated marginal rim laterally where marginal setae are inserted. Dorsum with approximately 45– 60 pairs of setae, most (including some of r– series and rarely even R 1 –R 2) inserted on dorsal shield, but usually R– and UR– series, r 5, and sometimes r 4 on soft cuticle in adult female and some of R– and UR– setae variably off shield in adult male; z 3 present; submarginal UR– series with few setae present on deutonymph and adult; dorsal shield mildly hypertrichous, usually with a pair of extra setae near j 6, variably with 2 or 3 extra pairs amidst z– and s– series on podonotal region, and sometimes with several paired or asymmetrically unpaired setae amidst J– series on opisthonotal region. Dorsal setae of adult female usually mostly uniform in simple form (sometimes slightly knobbed at base, or untapered and rod-like) and moderately short length (except Z 5 sometimes longer and apically capitate), J 5 smaller than others (Figs. 18, 46); dorsal setae of adult male highly dimorphic, with those in central region of shield either very short, simple (similar to J 5), and sometimes inserted on wart-like thickenings, or moderately short and thickened blade-like, while some to most peripheral setae are enlarged, of variable lengths, and either attenuated or with thick shafts and capitate or clavate apices, many of them inserted on tubercles (Figs. 21, 23, 51–53). Dorsal shield with complement of 23 pairs of discernible pore-like structures (9 podonotal, 14 opisthonotal), of which 7 (4 podonotal, 3 opisthonotal) superficially appear secretory (gland pores) and 16 (5 podonotal, 11 opisthonotal) non-secretory (poroids) (Fig. 18); marginal poroid Rp (= idR 3) between setae R 3 –R 4 on soft cuticle in female but sometimes on edge of shield in male. Peritrematal plates uniting with dorsal shield anteriorly at level between setae s 1 and r 2 on adult female and between r 2 and r 5 on adult male; peritremes well developed, interspecifically variable in length, reaching anteriorly at least to level of setae r 5. Anterior to dorsal shield, vertical region with pair of plates (often difficult to discern, not illustrated) above bases of legs I and sometimes touching dorsal shield at level of paravertical setae z 1. Idiosomal venter. ADULT FEMALE. Sternal shield entire, sometimes desclerotized posteriorly behind level of poroids 2, with 3 pairs of setae (st 3 inserted in often desclerotized area), 2 pairs of poroids and continuous with endopodal extensions between coxae I and II, weakly between II and III. Metasternal plates absent, fourth pair of sternal setae with third pair of sternal poroids on soft cuticle (Figs. 19, 47). Endopodal strips weakly developed or vestigial between coxae III and IV. Genital shield with hyaline anterior margin broadly rounded, extending to level of third sternal poroids and usually not overlapping posterior margin of sternal shield; posterior margin of genital shield broadly rounded; genital setae st 5 and poroids iv 5 inserted on soft cuticle flanking shield. Postgenital furrow weakly formed, with or without a strip of 2 or 4 weakly sclerotized platelets. Inguinal region with 1 or 2 pairs of metapodal platelets, the smaller pair difficult to discern, and gland pores gv 2 and gp 2 on exopodal rim behind coxae IV. Anal shield relatively small, obovate or nearly inversely subtriangular, with anal opening not enlarged; adanal gland pores on lateral edges of shield at level of posterior margin of anal opening; cribrum normally developed. Opisthogaster with 8 to 10 pairs of simple setae on soft cuticle around anal shield (JV 1 –JV 5, ZV 1 –ZV 5, but sometimes without ZV 3 and one of other ZV setae; a UR seta may appear like another ZV pair), SV series absent. Peritrematal region on each side with 2 gland pores and 4 poroids; peritrematal plate with poroid ip 1 inserted on its dorsal edge laterad seta s 2, gland pore gp 1 and adjacent poroid ip 2 inserted on its dorsal edge at level between coxae II and III (Fig. 18), and with poroid ip 3 appressed to posterior edge of stigmata (Fig. 19); peritrematal plate lacking any posterior extension, such that poststigmatic poroid ip 4 inserted on soft cuticle and gland pore gp 2 inserted on exopodal rim posterolaterad coxa IV. Exopodal strips weakly sclerotized alongside peritrematal shield, with projections between coxae I and II, II and III, III and IV. Spermathecal apparatus without distinctly sclerotized structures, but with a usually discernible tubular conduit leading from solenostome between bases of legs III–IV to a visibly denser calyx and hyaline vesicle. ADULT MALE. Sternogenital shield with 4 or 5 pairs of setae and 3 pairs of poroids, united with endopodal strips between coxae I–II and II–III, but free from weak strips between coxae III–IV; posterior margin of shield prominent, convex or bilobate, contiguous with or overlapping, but not consolidated with anterior margin of ventrianal shield; setae st 5 longer than st 1–4, and sometimes inserted on soft cuticle when posterolateral corners of shield constricted; paragenital poroids iv 5 on soft cuticle beside posterolateral corners of shield (Figs. 22, 58). Opisthogaster with ventrianal shield weakly sclerotized other than in anal shield area, overrunning lateral areas occupied by metapodal platelets, and with 6 or usually 7 pairs of ventral setae in addition to circumanal setae; setae JV 5 and, if present, ZV 5 inserted on soft cuticle. Ventrianal shield free from peritrematal and expodal plates; cribrum as in adult female. Exopodal and peritrematal shielding, and peritremes as in adult female. Gnathosoma. Tectum with anterior margin triangular, pointed or narrowly rounded apically, smooth or slightly serrated (Fig. 7). Fixed cheliceral digit of adult female with 3 to 5 small teeth subapically, that of adult male with 2 to 4 teeth, both sexes with pilus dentilis expanded into a hyaline pointed lobe (instead of setiform) antiaxially, and with hyaline rim smooth, unfringed along its paraxial face above base of movable chela; movable chela of female with 1 or 2 small teeth and with ventral mucro near base (Fig. 8); movable chela of male edentate, without ventral mucro, with hyaline envelope at its base more strongly fringed than in female, and with spermatodactyl directed anteriorly, simple or distinctively shaped in form (Figs. 27, 55). Corniculi of adult female with prominent longitudinal keel or carina on ventral face (Fig. 59) and with variably convergent simple apices (Figs. 1, 59), those of adult male similarly formed but more widely spaced, usually less convergent (Fig. 26); internal malae slender, pointed, finely fringed in the female, broader, coarsely fringed and bifid apically in the male, not extending beyond tips of corniculi; salivary stylets split apically (Figs. 1, 3, 59, 60); labrum prominent, blade–like, projecting slightly beyond apices of corniculi, with smooth lateral margins (Fig. 2). Deutosternum with 7 or 8 rows of subequally moderately narrow denticles, all rows connected. Palpi with normal setation and setal ontogeny as described for Gamasina by Evans (1964), including only one seta on palptrochanter of protonymph; palpfemoral seta al spatulate, palpgenual seta al- 2 tapered or spatulate, and palpgenual seta al- 1 tapered; palptarsal apotele two-tined (Fig. 5). Legs. Legs I to IV with paired claws and rounded pulvilli well developed, inserted on well developed pretarsi. Legs of moderate length, I and IV no longer than dorsal shield. Ventral face of coxae I with serrated ridges and with six coxal glands, 2 anteriorly and 4 posteriorly (Fig. 64). Tarsus I with sensilla s inconspicuous, not lanceolate or elongate (Figs. 61–63). Tarsi II–IV with apical setal processes ad- 1, pd- 1 inconspicuous, less than half as long as pretarsi (Figs. 28, 34). Complement of setae and their ontogeny on segments of legs I to IV normal for Melicharidae (as presented by Lindquist & Evans 1965 for Melicharini), setation of genua of legs I-II-III-IV, respectively, usually 13 - 11 - 9 - 9, but genu IV sometimes with 10 setae when pl- 2 asymmetrically or pseudosymmetrically present; that of tibia usually 13 - 10 - 8-10 (pl- 2 absent on tibia III), but tibia I sometimes with 12 setae when v- 3 asymmetrically or pseudosymmetrically absent. Femora I–IV with dorsal seta ad- 1 thickened, less tapered than adjacent setae, usually progressively longer on legs I to IV, oarlike on femur IV and sometimes on femora I–III (Figs. 30–33), more enlarged on male than female (Figs. 66– 69); femur II ventral setae unmodified on female and male; other leg setae (apart from dorsoapical sensory cluster on tarsus I) simple, unmodified on female, but many setae on dorsal and lateral faces of femora, genua and tibia thickened and blunt-tipped or clavate on adult male. Tarsus II of male also with dimorphically modified setae, including av- 1, av- 2, and sometimes av- 3 (mv) short, spine-like (Fig. 28). Tarsi III–IV of adult male without knob- or spine-like setae, but with ventral setae more attenuate than on female. Deutonymph. Idiosomal dorsum. Dorsal shield with lateral incisions (sometimes indistinct) reaching to, or slightly mediad, level of setae Z 1, and with approximately 35 to 40 pairs of setae: about 16–18 pairs (j 1 –j 6, z 2 –z 6, s 3 –s 6, and 1 to 3 pairs of extra setae) on podonotal region, and 15–18 pairs (J 1 –J 5, Z 1 –Z 5, S 1 –S 5, and sometimes a few paired or asymmetrically unpaired setae amidst J series) on opisthonotal region (Figs. 16, 42). Soft cuticle with z 1, s 1 –s 2, r 2 –r 5 on podonotal region and R 1 –R 6 and 2 or 3 pairs of UR– setae on opisthonotal region. Dorsal setae added to protonymphal complement denoted without parentheses in Figs. 16, 42. Dorsal idiosomal complement of poroids and gland-pores similar to that in female; paravertical poroids ipz 1 added to protonymphal complement. Idiosomal venter. Sternal shield with endopodal extensions between coxae I–II and II–III but not between III–IV, and with 4 pairs of setae and 3 pairs of poroids; setae st 5 and paragenital poroids inserted on soft cuticle at level of posterior margin of shield (Figs. 17, 43). Anal shield subcircular; adanal pores on lateral edges of shield at level of posterior margin of anal opening; cribrum as in adult female. Opisthogaster with 8 to 10 pairs of ventral setae (JV 1 –JV 5, ZV 1 –ZV 3 and sometimes ZV 4, ZV 5) plus 1 or 2 adjacent UR– setae; ventral setae added to protonymphal compliment denoted without parentheses in Figs. 17, 43; ZV 4, ZV 5 sometimes absent. Peritrematal shields not uniting with dorsal shield. Poststigmatic poroid ip 3 contiguous with stigma on posterior edge of peritrematal shield, poststigmatic poroid ip 4 on soft cuticle; poroid ip 2 and gland pore gp 1 near midlength of peritreme between coxae II and III on soft cuticle. Rim of exopodal plates behind coxae IV well delineated, with gland pore gv 2 at its medial extremity. Gnathosoma. Tectum, chelicerae, salivary stylets, corniculi, deutosternal structures and palpi similar to those in adult female. Legs. Pretarsi, claws, and chaetotaxy of legs I–IV as in adult, including these additions to protonymphal setal complement: ad- 3 on femora I–IV, v- 3 on femora I–II, al- 2 on femur II; al- 2 on genua I–IV, ad- 3 on genu I, ad- 2 on genu IV, pd- 3 on genua I and IV, pl- 2 on genua I–III, pl- 1 and rarely pl- 2 on genu IV, usually av- 2 on genu I, av- 1 on genua II–IV, pv- 1 on genua II–III; al- 2 on tibiae I–IV, ad- 3 on tibia I, ad- 2 on tibia II, pd- 3 on tibiae I and IV, pl- 2 on tibiae I, II, IV, usually av- 2 on tibia I. Femora I–IV with dorsal seta ad- 1 thickened, less tapered than adjacent setae, usually progressively longer on legs I to IV, oar-like on femur IV and sometimes on femora I–III (Figs. 44, 45). Protonymph. Idiosomal dorsum. Body dorsum with sclerotized podonotal and pygidial shields, and with 30 pairs of setae: 11 pairs on podonotal shield, 4 pairs on lateral soft cuticle beside podonotal shield, 7 pairs on interscutal soft cuticle, and 8 pairs on pygidial shield; dorsal setae added to larval complement denoted without parentheses in Fig. 13. Mesonotal scutellae weakly sclerotized as 3 pairs of sigillae laterad setae J 1 –J 2. Body dorsum with complement of 22 pairs of discernible pore-like structures, of which 15 (3–4 on podonotal shield, 6–7 on soft cuticle, 5 on pygidial shield) non-secretory (poroids) and 7 (4 on podonotal shield, 1 on soft cuticle, 2 on pygidial shield) superficially appear to be secretory (gland pores). Peritrematal region on each side with 5 or 6 pore-like structures, of which 3 poroids and 2 or 3 appear to be gland pores. Idiosomal venter. Sternal shield with endopodal extensions between coxae I–II and II–III, with 3 pairs of setae and 2 pairs of poroids (third pair absent); setae st 5 inserted on soft cuticle at level of posterior margins of legs IV (Fig. 14). Anal shield, circumanal setae, adanal pores, and cribrum similar in form, size and position to those on deutonymph. Opisthogaster with 4 pairs of ventral setae on soft cuticle around anal shield. Poststigmatic poroid and gland pore, and poroid and gland pore anterior to apex of peritreme between coxae II and III on soft cuticle. Exopodal plates indiscernible. Gnathosoma. Tectum more broadly triangular and bluntly pointed than in deutonymph (Fig. 15); other gnathosomatic structures similar to those in deutonymph, except palpi with normal protonymphal complement of setae (see Evans 1964), including only 1 trochanter seta. Legs. Legs I-II-III-IV with pretarsi, well-developed claws, and with normal protonymphal complement of setae as described for Ascidae by Lindquist and Evans (1965): coxae, 2 - 2 - 2 - 1; trochanters 4 - 4 - 4 - 4; femora 10 - 8 - 5 - 4, including pv added to larval complement on femur II; genua 8 - 6 - 6 - 5; tibiae 8 - 7 - 7 - 7. Femora I–IV with dorsal seta ad- 1 thicker, less tapered than adjacent simple setae, and sometimes rod- or oar-like (Figs. 40, 41). Larva. Idiosomal dorsum. Body dorsum with sclerotized podonotal and pygidial shields, and with 12 pairs of setae plus alveolar rudiments of 3 other pairs: 9 pairs of setae on podonotal shield (denoted in Fig. 10), 3 pairs of setae (s 6, S 3, S 4) plus alveolar rudiments of 2 other pairs (J 2, J 3) on soft interscutal cuticle, and 2 pairs of setae (Z 3, Z 4) plus alveolar rudiments of 2 other pairs (J 4, J 5) on pygidial shield. Setae S 5 and Z 5 present on soft cuticle ventrolaterally (Fig. 11). Body dorsum with complement of 16 pairs of discernible pore-like structures, of which 12 (4 on podonotal shield, 5 on soft cuticle, 3 on pygidial shield) superficially appear to be non-secretory (poroids) and 4 (2 on podonotal shield, 1 on soft cuticle, 1 on pygidial shield) secretory (gland pores). Idiosomal venter. Sternal shield with endopodal extensions between coxae I–II and slightly between II– III, with 3 pairs of setae and 2 pairs of poroids (third pair absent); pair of subcutaneous structures evident at level of posterior margins of coxae III (Fig. 11). Anal shield oval, with para-anal setae longer than postanal seta; anal valves lacking euanal setae and their alveolar rudiments; cribrum absent. Opisthogaster with 3 or 4 pairs of ventral setae (JV 1, JV 2, JV 5, sometimes ZV 2) plus setae S 5 and Z 5 on soft cuticle around anal shield. Gnathosoma. Tectum broadly, irregularly triangular (Fig. 12). Fixed digit of chelicera with dentition and pilus dentilis lobe as in protonymph; movable chela edentate or with one minute tooth, and with ventral mucro (Fig. 37). Subcapitulum with salivary stylets, corniculi, internal malae and rows of deutosternal denticles as in protonymph; with 2 pairs of hypostomatic setae. Palpi with normal larval complement of setae, including none on trochanter, as described for Gamasina (see Evans 1964). Legs. Legs I-II-III with pretarsi, well-developed claws, and with normal larval complement of setae as described for Ascidae by Lindquist and Evans (1965): coxae, 2 - 2 - 2; trochanters 4 - 4 - 4; femora 10 - 7 - 5; genua 8 - 6 - 6; tibiae 8 - 7 - 7. Femora I–III with dorsal seta ad- 1 either slightly more thick and less tapered or untapered and rod- or oar-like in contrast to adjacent femoral setae (Figs. 38, 39). Etymology. The name of the genus is a Latinized combination of the botanical term spadix, a rod-like spike bearing minute flowers usually enclosed within a sheath-like spathe on the same axis, and derived from Latin, based on a Greek word meaning a torn-off branch or frond, especially of a palm, and seius or sejus, a Roman surname used by many authors to form names for genera of mesostigmatic mites. The name is masculine in gender, and is intended to refer to the spadix- or spike-like form of inflorescences of aroids and palms harboring these mites. Distribution and habitats. Material available of this genus is associated with aroid and palm inflorescences and their pollinators from just two localities in Costa Rica and Brazil. Collection details for the two described species are presented with the description of each species, below. Data given on the slide labels of the four undescribed species are as follows: Spadiseius sp. 3, 5 females, 1 male: Costa Rica, Heredia Province, La Selva Biological Station (10 ° 26 ' 1 " N, 84 ° 1 ' 2 " W) elevation 50–150 m, 1–29 June 1997, coll. E.E. Lindquist, ex “Palmae” (Arecaceae). Spadiseius sp. 4, 1 female, 1 male: Brazil, São Paulo State, Pariquera-Açu area (24 ° 36 ' S, 47 ° 53 ' W), 17 January 2000, coll. L.V.F. Silva, ex Arecaceae, terminal shoot of Astrocaryum aculeatissimum (Schott) Burret. Spadiseius sp. 5, 2 females: Brazil, São Paulo State, Pariquera-Açu area (24 ° 36 ' S, 47 ° 53 ' W), 19 January 2000, coll. L.V.F. Silva, ex Arecaceae, flowers of Euterpe edulis Mart. Spadiseius sp. 6, 1 female: Brazil, São Paulo State, Pariquera-Açu, 19 January 2000, coll. L.V.F. Silva, ex Arecaceae, flowers of Euterpe edulis Mart. Specimens of species 5 and 6 have the same collection data, but whether they were from different flowers of the same host or coexistent in the same flowers is uncertain. Remarks. As noted in the diagnosis, the genus Spadiseius is based on three apomorphies, all of which appear to be unique, or autapomorphic, among the known taxa of Melicharidae: (1) the presence of supernumerary setae in specific areas of the anterior and sometimes the posterior regions of the dorsal shield in deutonymphs and adults; (2) some to many of the peripheral setae of the dorsal shield enlarged dimorphically to form a corona of attenuate or clavate or capitate setae in adult males, in contrast to their generally simple setal counterparts in females; and (3) femora I–IV of nymphs and adults with seta ad- 1 thick, poorly tapered, and sometimes rod- or oar-like (generally oar-like on femur IV of deutonymph and adult fem
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