26 research outputs found
Coordination compounds of indium, gadolinium, and erbium nitrates with low urea content
No full textObjectives. To date, compounds of rare earth nitrates with urea in a ratio of 1:4 and indium in a ratio of 1:6 have been synthesized and structurally characterized. However, there is a lack of research into similar compounds having a lower urea content. The purpose of this work was to continue the search for regularities of structure formation for complexes of various elements with urea.Methods. Novel coordination compounds were synthesized and characterized by powder- and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, as well as infrared spectroscopy.Results. The interaction of indium, gadolinium and erbium nitrates with urea (Ur) in an aqueous solution under conditions of ligand deficiency produces the previously unknown coordination compounds cis-[In(Ur)4(NO3)2]NO3, [Gd(H2O)2(Ur)2(NO3)3], and [Er(H2O)2(Ur)(NO3)3]. The indium complex is shown to have an ionic structure, whereas the gadolinium and erbium complexes have a molecular structure. In the indium complex, the coordination number is 6; the cation has an octahedral structure; it involves two cis-arranged monodentate nitrate groups and four monodentate urea molecules. The coordination number of gadolinium is 10; here, the coordination polyhedron is a distorted pentagonal bipyramid at the vertices of which there are two water molecules, while in the internal polygonal base there are two monodentate urea molecules and three bidentate chelating nitrate groups oriented perpendicular to the polygonal base of the bipyramid. The coordination number of erbium is 9; the coordination polyhedron is a distorted tricapped trigonal prism.Conclusions. In contrast with the gadolinium complex, one urea molecule is coordinated in the erbium complex instead of two, decreasing the coordination number from 10 to 9. In the indium complex cation, the coordination number is 6; unlike the gadolinium and erbium complexes, the cation does not contain water, and the nitrate groups are monodentate
Applicant and Examiner Citations in US Patents: An Overview and Analysis
No full textResearchers studying innovation increasingly use indicators based on patent citations. However, it is well known that not all citations originate from applicants--patent examiners contribute to citations listed in issued patents--and that this could complicate interpretation of findings in this literature. In 2001 the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) began reporting examiner and applicant citations separately. In this paper, we analyze the prior art citations of all patents granted by the USPTO in 2001-2003. We show that examiner citations account for 63 per cent of all citations on the average patent, and that 40 per cent of patents have all citations added by examiners. We use multivariate regression and analysis of variance to identify the determinants of examiner shares. Examiner shares are highest for non-US applicants and in electronics, communications, and computer-related fields. However, most of the variation is explained by firm-specific variables, with the largest patent applicants having high examiner shares. Moreover, a large number of firms are granted patents that contain no applicant prior art. Taken together, our findings suggest that heterogeneity in firm-level patenting practices, in particular by high-volume applicants, has a strong influence on the data. This suggests that analysis of firm-level differences in patenting strategies is an important topic for future research.Technology, patents, patent examiners, prior art, citations
Science linkages in technologies patented in Japan
No full textWe constructed an original database concerning science linkages based on text of Japanese Patent Gazette published since 1994. We discovered that Japanese inventers cite many academic papers in the texts of the patent applications in the Japanese Patent System. Based on this finding, we constructed science citation index by data mining the texts of Japanese patent system for the first time. First, more than 880,000 patent data classified into about 600 categories. Then, we extracted non-patent references from all the granted patents and counted the number of them. This number shows the strength of the linkage between science and technology and therefore is called "science linkage index." The science linkage indexes among different patent classifications differ significantly from each other. The technologies related to bio -technology were by far the closest to science. It suggests that the process of creating new technology differs from technology to technology.
Heterogeneity of Patenting Activity and Its Implications for Scientific Research
No full textThe increasing commercialization of university discoveries has initiated a controversy on the impacts for future scientific research. It has been argued that an increasing orientation towards commercialization may have a negative impact on more fundamental research efforts in science. Several scholars have therefore analyzed the relationship between publication and patenting activity of university researchers, and most articles report positive correlations. However, most studies do not account for heterogeneity of patenting activities ranging from university patents to corporate patents. While the former may have closer links to basic research, this is not what we expect from the latter. We argue that such efforts will indeed distract scientists from other activities, as collaborations with companies are usually assumed to have an applied character and do not necessarily coincide with basic research tasks. This paper investigates the incidence of patenting and publishing distinguishing between different types of patents for a large sample of professors active in Germany. Our results show that, while university patents as well as patents assigned to not-for-profit institutions complement publication quantity and quality, corporate patents yield negative effects. --Entrepreneurial universities,academic inventors,industry-science linkages,patents,technology transfer
Heterogeneity of patenting activity and its implications for scientific research.
No full textHeterogeneity; IT; Implications; Research;
Business Method Patents in Europe and their Strategic Use - Evidence from Franking Device Manufacturers
No full textThere has been a wide-spread misconception based on the imprecise wording of Art. 52 of the European Patent Convention (EPC)
that the protection of business methods by patents is prohibited in Europe. This paper investigates the legal framework set by patent laws with respect to the patentability of business methods, contrasting the situation in lege in Europe and the situation in the US. It is shown that in praxi business methods have never been excluded from patentability in Europe. In the empirical part of the paper, 1,901 European patent applications relating to business methods are identified and major patent indicators are computed. Further, a case study from the franking device industry which is characterized by strong competition
for intellectual property rights is conducted. It contains evidence for the strategic use of business method patents leading to opposition rates against granted patents of 44%
Does it matter where patent citations come from? Inventor vs. examiner citations in European patents.
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