161 research outputs found
The US-China rivalry in the Indo-Pacific area in the 21st century in terms of the supercycle mode
No full textWydział Nauk Politycznych i DziennikarstwaPrzeprowadzona przez autora analiza funkcjonowania modelu supercykli od powstania systemu światowego na przełomie XV-XVI w. do początków XXI w. pozwoliła na dokonanie szeregu obserwacji. Zgodnie z modelem supercykli każdy kolejny supercykl charakteryzuje się większą złożonością, a mocarstwo, które wygrało wojnę hegemoniczną dysponuje wyraźną przewagą ilościową oraz jakościową zasobów, będących w danym okresie rozwoju gospodarki i wojskowości niezbędne do sprawowania hegemonii. Każdy kolejny hegemon wychodzi z wojny hegemonicznej dysponując relatywnie większą potęgą względem innych mocarstw w systemie, niż to miało miejsce w poprzednim supercyklu. Model supercykli zakłada, iż po wygranej wojnie hegemonicznej, wraz z upływem czasu oraz w wyniku słabnących (relatywnie w stosunku do pozostałych mocarstw) możliwości ekonomicznych oraz politycznych hegemona, zmniejsza się również jego sprawczość w systemie co skutkuje erozją pozycji hegemona. Powyższe czynniki, w połączeniu ze spiralą zadłużenia, doprowadzają do sytuacji, gdy w systemie zaczynają się pojawiać pretendenci do hegemoni. W pierwszym rozdziale dysertacji: „Teoretyczne podstawy rywalizacji hegemonicznej”, zaprezentowano podstawowe założenia teorii Roberta Gilpina, George’a Modelskiego, Andrzeja Gałganka oraz Johna Mearsheimera dotyczące rywalizacji wielkich mocarstw. W rozdziale tym ukazano też rolę oraz znaczenie modelu supercykli w kształtowaniu systemu światowego, dowodząc jego relewantności w obszarze analizy rywalizacji hegemonicznej oraz aplikowalności również w kontekście relacji USA-ChRL w pierwszej połowie XXI w. W drugim rozdziale rozprawy zatytułowanym „Oddziaływanie supercyklu portugalskiego oraz holenderskiego na system światowy” polem badawczym uczyniono dwa pierwsze supercykle – portugalski oraz holenderski. W rozdziale tym przedstawiono rolę oraz znaczenie Portugalii oraz Zjednoczonych Prowincji w rozwoju systemu światowego w pierwszych dwóch wiekach jego funkcjonowania. Trzeci rozdział pracy: „Dwa supercykle brytyjskie oraz ich rola w kształtowaniu ładu światowego”, poświęcony został analizie funkcjonowania Wielkiej Brytanii w jej okresie imperialnym tj. w XVIII-XX w. W rozdziale tym przedstawiono główne powody, dla których mocarstwo to dwukrotnie wyszło zwycięsko z wojny hegemonicznej przeciwko Francji, jak również ukazano zasady funkcjonowania systemu określanego mianem Pax Britannica. W rozdziale czwartym rozprawy: „Rekonceptualizacja chronologii modelu supercykli”, przedstawiona została nowa koncepcja modelu supercykli. Zamiast chronologii wprowadzonej przez A. Gałganka zakładającej istnieje jednego supercyklu amerykańskiego, autor dysertacji zaproponował wprowadzenie drugiego supercyklu amerykańskiego. Piąty rozdział rozprawy: „Geneza rywalizacji strategicznej USA-Chiny”, poświęcony został analizie stosunków amerykańsko-chińskich po 1979 r. i narodzinom XXI-wiecznej rywalizacji hegemonicznej pomiędzy obydwoma mocarstwami. W ramach tego rozdziału ukazana została rola USA oraz ChRL w regionie Indo- Pacyfku. W rozdziale szóstym dysertacji: „Płaszczyzny rywalizacji USA-Chiny”, dokonano analizy potencjału USA oraz Chin w siedmiu kluczowych dla sprawowania hegemonii w systemie światowym obszarach. Należą do nich odpowiednio: dogodne położenie geopolityczne, ludność o odpowiedniej strukturze demograficznej, sprawny oraz efektywny system polityczny, prężna gospodarka o globalnym zasięgu i znacznych mocach produkcyjnych, zdolność do wdrażania innowacyjnych rozwiązań, skuteczny aparat dyplomatyczny, umiejętność rozwiązywania kluczowych dla społeczności międzynarodowej problemów oraz sprawowania przywództwa w systemie światowym. Siódmy rozdział rozprawy został zatytułowany: „Wojna hegemoniczna pomiędzy USA a Chinami – militarne scenariusze dalszej rywalizacji”. W rozdziale tym dokonano analizy potencjałów militarnych USA oraz ChRL ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem sił powietrznych oraz morskich, które ze względu na charakterystykę geograficzną obszaru Indo-Pacyfiku.
The analysis conducted by the author on the functioning of the supercycles model from the emergence of the world system at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries to the beginning of the 21st century has allowed for several observations. According to the supercycles model, each successive supercycle is characterized by greater complexity, and the hegemonic power that wins the hegemonic war enjoys a clear quantitative and qualitative advantage in resources necessary for hegemony in a given period of economic and military development. Each successive hegemon emerges from the hegemonic war with relatively greater power compared to other powers in the system than was the case in the previous supercycle. The supercycles model assumes that after winning the hegemonic war, over time and as a result of the weakening (relative to other powers) economic and political capabilities of the hegemon, its agency in the system also decreases, resulting in the erosion of the hegemon's position. In the first chapter of the dissertation titled "Theoretical Foundations of Hegemonic Rivalry," the basic assumptions of the theories of Robert Gilpin, George Modelski, Andrzej Gałganek, and John Mearsheimer regarding the rivalry of great powers are presented. This chapter also demonstrates the role and significance of the supercycles model in shaping the world system, proving its relevance in the analysis of hegemonic rivalry and its applicability in the context of US- China relations in the first half of the 21st century. The second chapter of the thesis, entitled "The Impact of the Portuguese and Dutch Supercycles on the World System," focuses on the two initial supercycles - Portuguese and Dutch. In this chapter, the role and significance of Portugal and the United Provinces in the development of the world system in its first two centuries of functioning are presented. The third chapter of the work, "Two British Supercycles and Their Role in Shaping the World Order," is dedicated to analyzing the functioning of Great Britain during its imperial period, i.e., in the 18th-20th centuries. This chapter presents the main reasons why this power emerged victorious twice from hegemonic wars against France, as well as the principles of operation of the system referred to as Pax Britannica. In the fourth chapter of the dissertation titled "Reconceptualization of the Chronology of Supercycles Model," a new concept of the supercycles model is presented. Instead of the chronology introduced by A. Gałganek assuming the existence of a single American supercycle, the dissertation author proposed introducing a second American supercycle. The fifth chapter of the dissertation, "Genesis of US-China Strategic Rivalry," is dedicated to analyzing US-China relations after 1979 and the emergence of 21st-century hegemonic rivalry between the two powers. Within this chapter, the role of the USA and China in the Indo-Pacific region is depicted, as well as the regional interests of both powers. In the sixth chapter of the dissertation, titled "Realms of US-China Rivalry," an analysis is made of the potential of the USA and China in seven key areas crucial for exercising hegemony in the world system. These areas include: favorable geopolitical location, population with suitable demographic structure, efficient and effective political system, robust economy with global reach and significant production capacities, ability to implement innovative solutions, effective diplomatic apparatus, ability to resolve key problems for the international community, and leadership in the world system. The seventh chapter of the dissertation is titled "Hegemonic War between the USA and China - Military Scenarios of Further Rivalry." In this chapter, an analysis is made of the military potentials of the USA and China, with particular emphasis on the air and naval forces, which, due to the geographical characteristics of the Indo- Pacific region
Spektakl w teatrze marionetek : o wierszu Stanisława Barańczaka "Bist Du bei mir"
No full textThis essay presents an interpretation of Stanisław Barańczak’s Bist du bei
mir – a poem that has often been the subject of literary studies. The author
refers to the poem’s motto – a fragment of an aria by Gottfried Heinrich
Stölzel from Clavierbüchlein für Anna Magdalena Bach, often falsely attributed
to Johann Sebastian Bach. She also points at the context of mystical
poetry: Adam Mickiewicz’s epigrams from Zdania i uwagi z dzieł Jakuba Bema, Anioła Ślązaka (Angelus Silesius) i Sę-Martena [Sentences and
remarks. From the works of Jacob Böhme, Angelus Silesius, and St. Martin]
and G. Herbert’s poems translated by Barańczak. In the author’s reading,
the poet, in an ironic gesture of reference, strips the reader of literary
delusions, discovering deeply tragic dimensions of life and, possibly, also
of personal experience of suffering
Correction to: Therapeutic options for patients with refractory status epilepticus in palliative settings or with a Limitation of life‑sustaining therapies: a systematic review
No full textThe article Therapeutic Options for Patients with Refractory Status Epilepticus in Palliative Settings or with a Limitation of Life‑Sustaining Therapies: A Systematic Review, written by Laurent M. Willems, Sebastian Bauer, Kolja Jahnke, Martin Voss, Felix Rosenow, Adam Strzelczyk, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 34, issue 8, pages 801–826 the author decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Post-publication open access was funded by Projekt DEAL. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2021 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. The original article has been corrected
A 'third culture' in economics? An essay on Smith, Confucius and the rise of China
No full textChina's rise drives a growing impact of China on economics. So far, this mainly works via the force of example, but there is also an emerging role of Chinese thinking in economics. This paper raises the question how far Chinese perspectives can affect certain foundational principles in economics, such as the assumptions on individualism and self-interest allegedly originating in Adam Smith. I embark on sketching a 'third culture' in economics, employing a notion from cross-cultural communication theory, which starts out from the observation that the Chinese model was already influential during the European enlightenment, especially on physiocracy, suggesting a particular conceptualization of the relation between good government and a liberal market economy. I relate this observation with the current revisionist view on China's economic history which has revealed the strong role of markets in the context of informal institutions, and thereby explains the strong performance of the Chinese economy in pre-industrial times. I sketch the cultural legacy of this pattern for traditional Chinese conceptions of social interaction and behavior, which are still strong in rural society until today. These different strands of argument are woven together in a comparison between Confucian thinking and Adam Smith, especially with regard to the 'Theory of Moral Sentiments', which ends up in identifying a number of conceptual family resemblances between the two. I conclude with sketching a 'third culture' in economics in which moral aspects of economic action loom large, as well as contextualized thinking in economic policies. --Confucianism,Adam Smith,physiocracy,collectivism and individualism,social relations in China,morality,economy of Imperial China
Ethnic identity, political identity and ethnic conflict: simulating the effect of congruence between the two identities on ethnic violence and conflict
No full textThis thesis outlines and presents an alternative hypothetical process to the emergence of ethnic conflict. Ethnic conflicts, rather than being dependent upon pre-existing 'ancient hatreds', are instead the result of a congruence between ethnic and political identity which grants individuals the ability to use ethnicity to identify and eliminate political threats. This hypothesis is formed by the examination of three case studies of ethnic conflict: Lebanon, Northern Ireland and Croatia. This hypothesis is then formalised and tested using an agent based simulation in which agent interactions are dependent upon ethnic and political identity and the congruence between the two. As predicted there was a strong positive correlation between how accurately ethnic identity reflected political identity and the level of ethnically motivated violence in the simulation, although the relationship was not linear. Furthermore the effect of a shift in congruence was found to be roughly comparable to the effect of initialising agents with a moderate level of pre-existing ethnic antagonism
Milnor’s Conjecture on Monotonicity of Topological Entropy: results and questions
No full text02.08.13 KB. Author has recieved permission from publisher to add the submitted version to Spiral.This note discusses Milnor’s conjecture on monotonicity of entropy and gives a short exposition of the ideas used in its proof which was obtained in joint work with Henk Bruin, see [BvS09]. At the end of this note we explore some related conjectures and questions
Zmiany w prawie wyborczym w kontekście przeobrażeń ustrojowych na Węgrzech po 2011 roku
No full textThe article presents the problems of changes in the electoral law in Hungary in the light of the introduction of the new Constitution in 2011. The first part of the article discusses how the Constitution was enacted and its content. Later, the author analyzes the effects of the changes in the law and political systems. The second part of the article focuses on the analysis of the procedure and outcomes of the changes in Hungarian electoral law after 2011. This reform was the first in the electoral field since 1990. The electoral law consists of constitutional regulations and Act CCIII of 2011 on the Elections of Members of Parliament of Hungary and Act XXXVI of 2013 on Electoral Procedure.Artykuł podejmuje problematykę zmiany prawa na Węgrzech po 2010 roku w aspekcie przeobrażeń konstytucyjnych oraz prawa wyborczego. Pierwsza część artykułu wiąże się z analizą zmian, jakie wprowadziła konstytucja Węgier w 2011 roku, zwana tam Fundamentalnym Prawem. Autor przedstawia i omawia sposób przygotowania i uchwalenia konstytucji przez posłów dominującej partii Fidesz oraz nowe podstawy ustrojowe i charakter podziału władzy. Druga część odnosi się do analizy trybu i efektów całkowitego przeobrażenia systemu wyborczego po 2011 roku, który zastąpił prawo wyborcze uchwalone jeszcze w 1990 roku. Nowe prawo wyborcze opiera się na trzech aktach przygotowanych i przegłosowanych większością głosów przez deputowanych z partii Fidesz. Aktami tymi są konstytucja, ustawa o wyborze posłów do parlamentu z 2011 roku i ustawa o procedurze wyborczej z 2013 roku
Effectiveness of the application of an electronic medication management support system in patients with polypharmacy in general practice: a study protocol of cluster-randomised controlled trial (AdAM)
No full textMüller BS, Klaaßen-Mielke R, Gonzalez-Gonzalez AI, et al. Effectiveness of the application of an electronic medication management support system in patients with polypharmacy in general practice: a study protocol of cluster-randomised controlled trial (AdAM). BMJ open. 2021;11(9): e048191.INTRODUCTION: Clinically complex patients often require multiple medications. Polypharmacy is associated with inappropriate prescriptions, which may lead to negative outcomes. Few effective tools are available to help physicians optimise patient medication. This study assesses whether an electronic medication management support system (eMMa) reduces hospitalisation and mortality and improves prescription quality/safety in patients with polypharmacy.; METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Planned design: pragmatic, parallel cluster-randomised controlled trial; general practices as randomisation unit; patients as analysis unit. As practice recruitment was poor, we included additional data to our primary endpoint analysis for practices and quarters from October 2017 to March 2021. Since randomisation was performed in waves, final study design corresponds to a stepped-wedge design with open cohort and step-length of one quarter.; SCOPE: general practices, Westphalia-Lippe (Germany), caring for BARMER health fund-covered patients.; POPULATION: patients (≥18 years) with polypharmacy (≥5 prescriptions).; SAMPLE SIZE: initially, 32 patients from each of 539 practices were required for each study arm (17200 patients/arm), but only 688 practices were randomised after 2years of recruitment. Design change ensures that 80% power is nonetheless achieved.; INTERVENTION: complex intervention eMMa.; FOLLOW-UP: at least five quarters/cluster (practice). recruitment: practices recruited/randomised at different times; after follow-up, control group practices may access eMMa.; OUTCOMES: primary endpoint is all-cause mortality and hospitalisation; secondary endpoints are number of potentially inappropriate medications, cause-specific hospitalisation preceded by high-risk prescribing and medication underuse.; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: primary and secondary outcomes are measured quarterly at patient level. A generalised linear mixed-effect model and repeated patient measurements are used to consider patient clusters within practices. Time and intervention group are considered fixed factors; variation between practices and patients is fitted as random effects. Intention-to-treat principle is used to analyse primary and key secondary endpoints.; ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Trial approved by Ethics Commission of North-Rhine Medical Association. Results will be disseminated through workshops, peer-reviewed publications, local and international conferences.; TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03430336. ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03430336). © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ
Reflections on the nation and the state in the Polish political thought
No full textThe paper provides an overview of mostly nineteenth-century concepts of nation and state, juxtaposed with sociological theories. It begins with the defi nitions of the basic concepts and their relations, along with the change in their meaning over time. The author presents also the origins, development of the Polish nation and state, comparing the description with sociological theories. Next, the Enlightenment, Romantic and positivist concepts of nation and state were presented together with views prevailing in particular currents of the Polish socio-political thought. According to the author, the idea of nation and state gradually crystallised in the Polish political thought, to take on suggestibility and become an essential component of social life, albeit this process occurred in a variety of ideological milieux, with its culminating phase at different points in history. The author emphasised the polymorphism of the idea of nation and state as well as a variety of contexts in which they may occur
Contribution to a Study of Jan Bobrzyński’s Economic Ideas
No full textW artykule autor podjął próbę pokazania wybranych koncepcji gospodarczych Jana Bobrzyńskiego, polityka konserwatywnego i ideologa działającego w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym. W dalszej części artykułu zostały przytoczone podawane przez Bobrzyńskiego przyczyny kryzysu gospodarczego (interwencjonizm, etatyzm, naruszanie własności prywatnej). Autor zaprezentował także wskazywany przez Bobrzyńskiego kierunek działania (obiektywizm gospodarczy), który miał pomóc wejść Polsce na drogę modernizacji kraju. Autor w końcowych wnioskach podkreśla, że poglądy Jana Bobrzyńskiego na kwestię ustroju gospodarczego II Rzeczpospolitej są niezbyt udaną próbą pogodzenia liberalizmu z nauką społeczną Kościoła. Bobrzyński starał się znaleźć złoty środek między przerostem indywidualizmu jednostki a socjalistyczną wszechwładzą państwa. Jego zdaniem optymalny model stworzyła szkoła krakowska, rozwijająca indywidualizm jednostki w imię dobra ogółu. In this article the author shows selected economic views of Jan Bobrzyński, conservative statesman and ideologist from the interwar years. In further part of the article some reason of economic crisis, named by Bobrzyński, are being listed (e.g. interventionism, state management, violation of private property). The author shows also economic objectivity, pointed by Bobrzyński as the way to the modernization of Poland. In the conclusion, the author stresses that Jan Bobrzyński’s opinion on II Rzeczpospolitej economic system aren’t good effort of connecting liberalism with catholic church’ social doctrine. Jan Bobrzyński was trying to find the golden mean between hypertrophy of individualism unit and the socialist supremacy of the state. In his opinion, Cracow conservative school created an optimal model, growing the unit’s individualism in the name of common good.In this article the author shows selected economic views of Jan Bobrzyński, conservative statesman and ideologist from the interwar years. In further part of the article some reason of economic crisis, named by Bobrzyński, are being listed (e.g. interventionism, state management, violation of private property). The author shows also economic objectivity, pointed by Bobrzyński as the way to the modernization of Poland. In the conclusion, the author stresses that Jan Bobrzyński’s opinion on II Rzeczpospolitej economic system aren’t good effort of connecting liberalism with catholic church’ social doctrine. Jan Bobrzyński was trying to find the golden mean between hypertrophy of individualism unit and the socialist supremacy of the state. In his opinion, Cracow conservative school created an optimal model, growing the unit’s individualism in the name of common good
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