62 research outputs found
The frequency of using herbs to relieve problems in pregnancy
No full textUvod: Nosečnice se za uporabo alternativnega zdravljenja večinoma odločajo v želji, da bi se izognile neželenim učinkom konvencionalnega zdravljenja in teratogenemu vplivu na plod. V nosečnosti je lajšanje zdravstvenih težav z zelišči pogosto pri jutranji slabosti in bruhanju, prebavnih motnjah, prehladu, nespečnosti, okužbah urinarnega trakta in pripravi na porod. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je pridobiti podatke o pogostosti uporabe zelišč v nosečnosti in ugotoviti katera zelišča nosečnice najpogosteje uporabljajo in pri katerih zdravstvenih težavah. Metode dela: V teoretičnem delu diplomskega dela je uporabljena deskriptivna metoda dela s področja uporabe zelišč za lajšanje težav med nosečnostjo, ki jo je avtorica pridobila s kritičnim pregledom znanstvene in strokovne literature. V drugem delu diplomskega dela je bila izvedena kvantitativna raziskava. Podatki za raziskavo so pridobljeni s pomočjo anonimnega spletnega anketnega vprašalnika. Anketni vprašalnik ima 15 vprašanj odprtega in zaprtega tipa. Vprašalnik je objavljen na portalu EnKlik Anketa. Rezultati: Od 111 nosečnic, ki so sodelovale v raziskavi, jih 62% za lajšanje težav raje uporabljala zelišča kot klasična zdravila, od teh pa jih je 84% uporabljajo zelišča že pred nosečnostjo. Največkrat se odločijo za uporabo zelišč zaradi prehlada/gripe (61%), slabosti (46%) in zaprtosti (26%). Najpogosteje uporabljajo ingver (46%), liste maline (42%), brusnice (39%) in komarček (35%). 57% nosečnic, ki so uporabljale zelišča, je kot pripravo na porod uživalo liste maline. Največ nosečnic, ki uživa zelišča med nosečnostjo, biva na podeželju, so stare med 26 in 30 letom in imajo visokošolsko/višješolsko ali univerzitetno izobrazbo. Razprava: Rezultati naše raziskave in primerjalnih tujih študij so si enotni v tem, da se za uporabo zelišč med nosečnostjo največkrat odločijo nosečnice z višjo izobrazbo in tiste, ki bivajo na podeželju. Nosečnice v raziskavi so se največkrat odločile za uporabo ingverja, listov maline in brusnic. Večinoma se nosečnice odločijo za uporabo zelišč, ker se jim zdijo bolj varna in naravna kot klasična zdravila. Zaključek: Z raziskavo smo dobili vpogled o uporabi zelišč za lajšanje zdravstvenih težav v nosečnosti in ugotovili, da si nosečnice želijo bolj naravnega in alternativnega lajšanja zdravstvenih težav v nosečnosti, saj so mnenja da so le ta bolj varna in naravna.Introduction: During their pregnancies women mostly choose alternative treatment in order to avoid side effects, which can occur with conventional treatment, and to avoid teratogens. They use herbs mainly to avoid or treat morning sickness and vomiting, gastrointestinal disorders, colds, insomnia, urinal tract infections and to prepare themselves for childbirth. Purpose: The purpose of this work was to get information how frequent do women use herbs during pregnancy, which herbs do they use and for what purpose. Research method: At first, review of the literature about the use of herbs during pregnancy was made. The author uses descriptive method with critical review of the existing literature. In the second part quantitative research was carried out. Data for the research were obtained using anonymous online survey. The questionnaire had 15 closed-type questions and was published on “EnKlik” survey portal. Results: 62% of participating women preferred herbs over conventional medicine to relieve symptoms in pregnancy, 84% of them used herbs also prior to pregnancy. Mostly they started using herbs because of cold (61%), sickness (46%) and constipation (26%). Mostly they use ginger (46%), raspberry leaves (42%), cranberries (39%) and fennel (35%). More than half (57%) of the women, who preferred herbs over conventional medicine, used raspberry leaves as a preparation for a childbirth. Average pregnant woman using herbs is living in rural area, is between 26 and 30 years old and has university education or higher. Discussion: The results of this and other comparative studies are consistent in the fact that most women, using herbs during pregnancies, are living in rural areas and are highly educated. Mostly they use ginger, raspberry leaves and cranberries. Results show that the common reason that herbs are preferred over conventional drugs is the belief that herbs are more natural and safer. Conclusion: The study provided an insight into the use of herbs with the aim to relieve health problems during pregnancy. Women want more natural solutions, because they think that are more safe and natural
Safety and efficacy of Levucell® SB (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I‐1079) as a feed additive for all pigs
No full textFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Levucell® SB when used in feed for suckling piglets, pigs for fattening and minor porcine species. Levucell® SB is the trade name for a feed additive based on viable cells of a strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae currently authorised as a zootechnical additive for weaned piglets, sows, chickens for fattening and minor poultry species for fattening. The applicant is now seeking authorisation as a zootechnical additive for use with all pigs. In the context of a previous opinion, the identity of the strain was confirmed, and according to the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) approach to safety assessment, it was presumed safe for the target species, consumers of products from animals fed the additive and the environment. Since no concerns are expected from other components of the additive, Levucell® SB is also considered safe for the target species, including all pigs, consumers and the environment. Levucell® is not a skin or eye irritant or a skin sensitiser. Inhalation exposure is unlikely. Encapsulation used in the existing coated forms is not expected to introduce hazards for users. In previous opinions, Levucell® SB was found to have the potential to be efficacious in sows and weaned piglets at the dose of 1 9 109 colony forming units (CFU)/kg complete feedingstuffs. Since the dose proposed for use with all pigs is the same as that demonstrated to be effective in weaned piglets and sows, and it can be reasonably assumed that the mode of action is the same, the conclusion on efficacy for weaned piglets and sows can be extrapolated to all pigs. Therefore, the FEEDAP Panel concludes that Levucell® SB has the potential to be efficacious in all pigs at 1 9 109 CFU/kg feedingstuffs
THE THEME OF VIOLENCE IN SELECTED PROSE OF NELI KODRIČ FILIPIĆ
No full textDiplomsko delo z naslovom Tematika nasilja v izbranih delih Neli Kodrič Filipić je nastalo na osnovi natančne analize izbranih književnih del. Diplomsko delo je teoretično. Najprej smo definirali nasilje in njegove oblike ter proučili tematiko nasilja v sodobni mladinski prozi. Predstavili smo bibliografijo mladinske pisateljice Neli Kodrič Filipić ter nagrade in nominacije, ki jih je prejela za svoja književna dela. Na podlagi literarne teorije smo analizirali štiri mladinska dela, ki ustrezajo skupnemu tematskemu sklopu. Opredelili smo pojem kratke realistične zgodbe ter značilnosti slikanice. Analizirali smo kratki realistični zgodbi v slikanici Punčka in velikan (2009) ter Ali te lahko objamem močno? (2011) in dva mladinska romana: fantastični roman Na drugi strani (2004) in realistični roman Solze so za luzerje (2013). Opredelili smo pojem mladinski roman in realistični mladinski roman s temeljnimi žanri, pri čemer smo izhajali iz teoretičnih izhodišč Dragice Haramija. Utemeljili smo problemski roman, ki ga v svoji doktorski disertaciji vpelje Gaja Kos, ter ugotovili, zakaj spadata izbrana romana v to skupino. V izbranih delih smo predstavili prevladujočo tematiko nasilja. Opozorili smo na problematiko medvrstniškega in družinskega nasilja, na posledice nasilja ter izpostavili družbeno kritično noto mladinske pisateljice Neli Kodrič Filipić.The diploma paper with the title The theme of violence in selected prose of Neli Kodrič Filipić was formed on the basis of a detailed analysis of selected literary works. The paper is theoretical. First, we defined violence and its forms and examined the topic of violence in contemporary youth prose. Further on we presented the bibliography of the youth author Neli Kodrič Filipić and awards and nominations received for her literary works. On the basis of literary theory we analyzed four youth literary works, corresponding to the common thematic context. We defined the concept of a realistic short story and the features of a picture book.
We analyzed the realistic short stories in the picture book Punčka in velikan (The little girl and the giant) (2009) and Ali te lahko objamem močno? (Can I hold you tight?) (2011) and two youth novels: the fantastic novel Na drugi strani (On the other side) (2004) and the realistic novel Solze so za luzerje (Tears are for losers) (2013). We defined the concept of a youth novel and a realistic novel with the basic genres, where we originated from the theoretical basis of Dragica Haramija. We explained the concept of the problem novel, which is introduced by Gaja Kos in her doctoral dissertation and established why the selected novels belong to this group. In the selected works we presented the prevailing theme of violence. We pointed out the issue of peer and domestic violence, the consequences of violence and highlighted the socially critical note of the youth author Neli Kodrič Filipić
Experimental Assessment of the Environmental Fate and Effects of Triazoles and Benzotriazole
No full textThe environmental fate and effects of triazoles and benzotriazoles are of concern within the context of chemical regulation. As part of an intelligent testing strategy, experimental tests were performed on endpoints that are relevant for risk assessment. The experimental tests included the assessment of eco-toxicity to an alga, a daphnid and zebrafish embryos, and the assessment of ready biodegradability. Triazole and benzotriazole compounds were selected for testing, based on existing toxicity data for vertebrate and invertebrate species, as well as on the principal component analysis of molecular descriptors aimed at selecting the minimum number of test compounds in order to maximise the chemical domain spanned for both compound classes. The experimental results show that variation in the toxicities of triazoles and benzotriazole across species was relatively minor; in general, the largest factor was approximately 20. The study conducted indicated that triazoles are not readily biodegradable.</p
Modification of the terms of the authorisation of Natuphos® E as a feed additive for chickens for fattening or reared for laying/breeding
No full textThe additive Natuphos® E presents 6-phytase produced by a genetically modified strain of Aspergillus niger. The additive is currently authorised in the EU for use as a feed additive for chickens for fattening, chickens reared for laying, pigs for fattening, sows, minor porcine species for fattening or for reproduction, turkeys for fattening, turkeys reared for breeding, all other avian species (excluding laying birds) and weaned piglets. The authorisation for chickens for fattening or reared for laying is at a minimum content of 750 FTU/kg feed. The applicant has requested to lower this dose to 125 FTU/kg feed. The Panel considered a total of three short-term trials and five long-term trials. In two short-term trials, the birds that received 125 FTU/kg feed showed a significantly better retention of phosphorus from the diets. Similarly, in two long-term trials, the birds that received 125 FTU/kg feed showed a significantly better performance. Consequently, the Panel concluded that the additive has a potential to improve the performance/phosphorus retention of the birds at the dose of 125 FTU/kg feed
Assessing bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers for aquatic species by QSAR modeling
No full textPolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in textiles, foams and plastics. Highly bioaccumulative with toxic effects including developmental neurotoxicity estrogen and thyroid hormones disruption, they are considered as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and have been found in human tissues, wildlife and biota worldwide. But only some of them are banned from EU market.For the environmental fate studies of these compounds the bioconcentration factor (BCF) is one of the most important endpoints to start with. We applied quantitative structure–activity relationships techniques to overcome the limited experimental data and avoid more animal testing.The aim of this work was to assess the bioaccumulation of PBDEs by means of QSAR. First, a BCF dataset of specifically conducted experiments was modeled. Then the study was extended by predicting the bioaccumulation and biomagnification factors using some experimental values from the literature. Molecular descriptors were calculated using DRAGON 6. The most relevant ones were selected and resulting models were compared paying attention to the applicability domain.</p
Safety for the environment of vitamin D3 for salmonids
No full textThe Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP Panel) of EFSA assessed the safety for the target species and the consumer of the use of a maximum total level of 1.5 mg vitamin D3/kg feed in fish nutrition (2017). The assessment was based on data that had been provided by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA). Since the data set provided by the NFSA did not include any new information concerning the safety for the user and the environment, the 2017 opinion did not address the potential effects of the proposed increase in the maximum authorised levels of vitamin D3 on the safety for the user and the environment. The NFSA has submitted additional data and the European Commission has requested EFSA to deliver a new opinion on the safety for the environment of vitamin D3 as a nutritional additive for salmonids. Planktonic microalgae, inhabiting the sea, are a large group of photosynthetic organisms that contain both vitamin D3 and provitamin D3. Marine phytoplankton is distributed throughout the sea serving as the basis for all marine food webs. Therefore, since it is produced by phytoplankton, vitamin D3 may also be considered as being ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. Considering the different sources of vitamin D3 already present in the marine environment, the FEEDAP Panel considers that an increase in concentration of vitamin D3 when used as a feed additive in compound feed for salmonids up to a maximum of 1.5 mg/kg is not expected to pose a risk for the environment
Safety and efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri NBF‐1 (DSM 32203) as a feed additive for dogs
No full textFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri NBF-1 when used in feed for dogs at a minimum dose of 6 9 109 colony forming units (CFU) per animal and day. The additive is a preparation of viable cells of L. reuteri DSM 32203. This species is considered by the European Food Safety Authority to be suitable for the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach establishing safety for the target species and the environment. The active agent fulfils the requirements of the QPS approach to the assessment of safety. Consequently, in the absence of concerns from other components of the additive, Lactobacillusreuteri NBF-1 is presumed safe for the target animals and the environment. Lactobacillus reuteri NBF-1 should be considered a potential respiratory sensitiser. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the irritancy of the additive to skin and eyes or on its dermal sensitisation. The FEEDAP Panel is not in the position to conclude on the efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri NBF-1 for dogs
Safety and efficacy of l‐valine produced by fermentation using Corynebacterium glutamicum KCCM 11201P for all animal species
No full textThe product subject of this assessment is L-valine produced by fermentation using a non-genetically modified strain of Corynebacterium glutamicum (KCCM 11201P). It is intended to be used in feed and water for drinking for all animal species and categories. Species identity of the production organism was confirmed and the strain was sensitive to antibiotics at concentrations below thresholds specified by EFSA, thus C. glutamicum KCCM 11201P may be considered safe by the qualified presumption of safety (QPS) approach. No viable cells of C. glutamicum were detected in the final product. The amount of identified material exceeded % on ‘as is’ basis, and no impurities of concern were detected. The use of L-valine produced by C. glutamicum KCCM 11201P is safe for target species when supplemented to diets in appropriate amounts, for the consumer and the environment. The product L- valine produced by C. glutamicum (KCCM 11201P) is considered not to be an irritant or a dermal sensitiser, and does not cause acute inhalation toxicity. The additive is an effective source of valine for all species. For the supplemental L-valine to be as efficacious in ruminants as in non-ruminant species, it requires protection against microbial degradation in the rumen
Safety and efficacy of a molybdenum compound (E7) sodium molybdate dihydrate as feed additive for sheep based on a dossier submitted by Trouw Nutrition International B.V
No full textFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on safety and efficacy of sodium molybdate dihydrate for sheep, based on a dossier submitted for the re-evaluation of the additive. The additive is currently authorised in the EU for all animal species as ‘Nutritional additive’ – ‘Compounds of trace elements’. Taking the optimal Cu:Mo ratio of 3–10, and the highest total copper level authorised in complete feeds for sheep (15 mg/kg), the FEEDAP Panel concluded that 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for sheep. Considering (i) a safe intake of 0.6 mg Mo/day, (ii) the estimate average intake figure from food in Europe (generally less than 100 lg/day), (iii) the contribution of foods of animal origin to the total molybdenum intake (estimated to be up to 22 %), and (iv) that molybdenum would not accumulate in edible tissues/products of sheep fed molybdenum supplemented diets up to the upper safe level, the FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of sodium molybdate as a additive in sheep at 2.5 mg total Mo/kg complete feed is safe for consumers. The additive under assessment feed poses no risk by inhalation to users; it is a skin and eye irritant, but it is not considered as a skin sensitiser. Sodium molybdate used up to 2.5 mg Mo/kg complete sheep feed poses no concerns for the safety for the environment. The FEEDAP Panel recognises that molybdenum does not need to be added to diets to cover the nutritional needs of molybdenum of sheep. Molybdenum supplementation in sheep feed is considered effective in order to guarantee an adequate balance with copper, when the Cu:Mo ratio in the diet is in the range 3–10
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