8 research outputs found
Hydraulic simulations to evaluate and predict design and operation of the Chashma Right Bank Canal
No full textIrrigation systems / Irrigation canals / Flow control / Velocity / Canal regulation techniques / Hydraulics / Simulation models / Design / Operations / Crop-based irrigation / Distributary canals / Water delivery / Policy / Protective irrigation / Water allocation / Water requirements / Sedimentation / Water distribution / Equity / Water conveyance / Pakistan / Chashma Right Bank Canal
Enamel remineralisation-inducing materials for caries prevention
No full textBackground: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease indicated by the progressive demineralisation process of dental tissue. It is caused by an imbalance between the remineralisation and demineralisation processes. The focus of caries management is on prevention. Providing materials that can induce remineralisation is one management of caries prevention. Various materials have been or are being researched, such as casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP), tricalcium phosphate (fTCP), bioactive glass (BAG), and nanotechnologies such as nano-hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) and silver nano fluorine (NSF). Purpose: This study aims to review the development of enamel remineralisation inducing materials as a newer approach in caries prevention. Review: Various ingredients have been shown to increase enamel remineralisation through different mechanisms in preventing the development of carious lesions. Conclusion: CPP–ACP, fTCP, BAG, n-HAP, and NSF can induce enamel remineralisation as caries prevention agents. n-HAP and NSF are the most effective agents to enhance enamel remineralisation to prevent caries
A study of enteropathogenic E .coli (EPEC) and the contributing risk factors in diarrheal patients under five
No full textDiarrhea can be defined as “passing of a liquid stool more than three times within 24 hours”, it is a major cause of infantile deaths in underdeveloped world in young children<5 years. According to WHO report a child dies every minute due to diarrhea. In this study 1465 stool samples of acute watery diarrhea were analyzed. Demographic data analysis showed male to female ratio of 55.2%, 44.8%. All lactose fermenting bacterial colonies were processed for the identification of bacterial pathogenic E. coli and verified biochemically, were also serotyped by commercially available strain specific antiserum. All genotypes of importance were confirmed by advanced molecular techniques like PCR and RT-PCR. E. coli (uidA), EPEC virulent genes eae and bfpA and ETEC virulent gene It and st, EIEC virulence gene inv and stx1, EHEC virulent gene stx2, EAEC virulent gene east-1and east were investigated. Among E. coli, isolates, EPEC (48.6%) was found to be most dominant diarrheal pathogen followed by ETEC (24.3 %), EAEC (21.6 %), EIEC (5.4%) and EHEC (0.0%). Use of advanced molecular techniques like PCR is necessary to detect pathogenic E. coli is highlighted from clinical samples
Soil salinity-sodicity and land use suitability in the Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia (South) irrigated area
No full textSoil salinity / Sodic soils / Soil classification / Soil surveys / Soil analysis / Groundwater development / Water table / Water quality / Land use / Irrigation canals / Farmer participation / Surface drainage / Subsurface drainage / Soil reclamation / Waterlogging / Pakistan / Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia / Bahawalnagar District
Degradation of Fusobacterium nucleatum biofilm and quantity of reactive oxygen species due to a combination of photodynamic therapy and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite
No full textBackground: The persistence of microorganisms in the root canal system is one of the leading causes of root canal treatment failure. Biofilms of putative pathogens hidden inside dentin tubules and other root canal ramifications may limit current disinfection protocols. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a wavelength of 628 nm can be used as an antimicrobial strategy that uses low-power laser energy to activate a non-toxic photosensitizer to produce singlet oxygen with the ability to kill microorganisms in root canals. Fusobacterium nucleatum was used because this bacterium is one of the bacteria involved in root canal infection. Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the bactericidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) 2.5%, PDT, and a combination of PDT and NaOCl 2.5% against Fusobacterium nucleatum. Methods: Mature biofilm Fusobacterium nucleatum was divided into four groups according to the protocol of decontamination: K1 (negative control – biofilm), K2 (NaOCl 2.5%), K3 (PDT), and K4 (NaOCl 2.5% + PDT). Biofilm degradation was observed using optical density (OD) at 570 nm using a microplate reader. A reactive oxygen species quantity check was carried out using a nitroblue tetrazolium test, and OD observation was done with a microplate reader at 540 nm. Results: Group 4 (NaOCl 2.5% + PDT) showed more biofilm bacteria elimination than the other groups. Conclusion: A combination of PDT and NaOCl 2.5% can be considered an effective protocol for the elimination of Fusobacterium nucleatum. There is a potentiation relationship between NaOCl 2.5% and PDT FotoSan. Biofilm degradation occurs because of the effect of antibacterial NaOCl 2.5% and the irradiation effect of the Toluidine blue O photosensitizer
The use of mucoadhesive oral patches containing epigallocatechin-3-gallate to treat periodontitis: an in vivo study
No full textالملخص: أهداف البحث: تطبيق الدواء الموضعي مثل الرقعة الفموية المخاطية لا يهيج الغشاء المخاطي وقادر على زيادة نفاذية الأدوية إلى أنسجة الفم. المركب المعروف باسم ''إي جي سي جي'' عبارة عن مكونات نشطة لها تأثيرات عالية مضادة للجراثيم ومضادة للالتهابات. كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تحليل الإمكانات العلاجية للرقعة المخاطية الفموية التي تحتوي على مركب ''إي جي سي جي'' في نموذج التهاب اللثة وتأثيره على أوستيوبروتيجيرين (أو بي جي)، ومنشط مستقبلات لجين العامل النووي كابا-ب (رانكل)، ومنشط المستقبلات للعامل النووي كابا-ب (رانك). طرق البحث: استخدم نموذج التهاب اللثة المحرض في الجرذان النرويجية باستخدام 0.03 مل من بكتيريا ''وحيدات الخلية البورفيرينية اللثوية'' بفواصل زمنية لمدة يومين في القواطع المركزية السفلية. تم علاج التهاب اللثة لدى الفئران بـالرقعة الفموية المخاطية (مجموعة التحكم)، أو الرقعة الفموية المخاطية المحتوية على الدوكسيسيكلين، أو الرقعة الفموية المخاطية المحتوية على مركب ''إي جي سي جي'' لمدة 1 ساعة / يوم لمدة 5 أيام. في الأيام 3 و 5 و 7 و 14 و 21 بعد العلاج، تم أخذ عينة من القاطع المركزي السفلي وتحليله باستخدام الكيمياء المناعية لكل من ''أو بي جي'' و''رانكل'' و''رانك''، في أنسجة اللثة. النتائج: بعد العلاج، زادت تعبيرات ''رانك'' و ''أو بي جي'' في جميع المجموعات مع أعلى زيادة في المجموعة المعالجة بمستخلص ''إي جي سي جي'' مقارنة بالمجموعتين الأخريين. كما أظهرت التحليلات انخفاضا في تعبيرات رانكل في جميع المجموعات بعد العلاج في الأيام 3 و 5 و 7 و 14 و 21. وكان للعلاج باستخدام مستخلص ''إي جي سي جي'' أقل تعبيرات رانكل في جميع الأيام مقارنة بالمجموعات الأخرى. أظهرت نتائج الاختبار اللاحق عدم وجود فرق ذي دلالة إحصائية بين مجموعة التحكم ومجموعة الدوكسيسيكلين في التعبير عن ''أو بي جي'' أو''رانكل'' أو''رانك''. الاستنتاجات: يمكن أن يقلل مستخلص''إي جي سي جي'' من تعبير رانكل ويزيد ''أو بي جي'' و''رانك''. من المفترض أن مستخلص''إي جي سي جي'' قادر على منع فقدان العظام السنخية في التهاب اللثة. Abstract: Objectives: The application of topical drugs such as mucoadhesive oral patches (MOPs) do not irritate the mucosa and are able to increase the permeability of drugs to oral tissue. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an active ingredient that exhibits significant antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of this study was to analyze the therapeutic potential of a mucoadhesive oral patch containing EGCG (MOP-EGCG) in a model of periodontitis and investigate its effects on the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa Β ligand (RANKL) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK). Methods: A model of periodontitis was induced in Rattus novergicus used Porphyromonas gingivalis by applying 0.03 ml of bacteria locally with 1 × 1010 colony-forming units (CFU) seven times at 2-day intervals in the central lower incisors. Periodontitis was then treated with MOP (control), a mucoadhesive oral patch containing doxycycline (MOP-doxy) or MOP-EGCG for 1 h/day for 21 days. On days 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 after treatment, the central lower incisor was biopsied and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for RANK/RANKL and OPG expression in the gingiva tissue. Results: MOP-EGCG extract significantly reduced the expression of RANKL and increased the expression of OPG and RANK (p < 0.05) when compared to the MOP-doxy and MOP groups. Conclusion: MOP-EGCG extract reduced the expression of RANKL and increased the expression of OPG and RANK, thus suggesting that MOP-EGCG can inhibit the loss of alveolar bone in periodontitis
The Cambrian sedimentology and reservoir properties of the hybrid Abbottabad Formation in the Kotli area, Sub-Himalaya, Pakistan: insights into the Proto-Tethys paleoenvironment
No full textThe study area (Kotli region) is situated within the Kashmir Basin, which is structurally influenced by the Hazara Kashmir syntaxis (HKS). It is imperative to assess the potential of the exposed Abbottabad Formation as a hydrocarbon reservoir, particularly in anticlinal structure (Tatta Pani), within the Kashmir Basin. The Abbottabad Formation, which is bounded by unconformities, consists of dolomite-chert interbeds (LA-1), stromatolitic dolomite (LA-2), and ankerite (LA-3) lithofacies. Petrographic analysis reveals three microfacies: fine crystalline dolomite (MF-I), algal mat-stromatolitic dolomite (MF-II), and ankerite (MF-III). Different features contribute to the reservoir characteristics of the formation, including fenestral and moldic structures, tidal channels, chopboard fractures, intergranular, and vuggy/karst porosities found within dolomite and dolomitic limestone. Additionally, intense structural deformation further enhances the reservoir qualities of the formation. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy have revealed the existence of distinct minerals in different facies. MF-I contains chalcedony, chlorite, pyrite, hematite, and siderite. Chalcedony denotes silica substitution, chlorite shows hydrothermal alteration, and pyrite implies anoxic conditions and rapid precipitation. MF-II suggests a connection between high biological production and development of algal mats. MF-III provides insight into the alteration processes and interactions between ankerite- and manganese-rich hydrothermal solutions. The Abbottabad Formation, originating from the Proto-Tethys Ocean at the start of the Cambrian, displays coarsening upward sediment layers and common dissolution and cementation. The formation was dolomitized through refluxal processes, revealing saddle dolomite, replacive minerals, coarser texture, selective dolomitization of rock fabrics, and unusual crystallographic orientations, indicating reflux mechanisms. The deepest subtidal facies were deposited in the lower part, while regressive intertidal to supratidal facies were deposited toward the top, eventually capped by a subaerial unconformity (SU). In Kashmir and adjoining basins, deposition of the Proto-Tethys Ocean ceased, and the area experienced uplift that persisted until the Danian age. © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2024
Root-derived short-chain suberin diacids from rice and rape seed in a paddy soil under rice cultivar treatments
No full text© 2015 Ji et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Suberin-derived substituted fatty acids have been shown to be potential biomarkers for plant-derived carbon (C) in soils across ecosystems. Analyzing root derived suberin compounds bound in soil could help to understand the root input into a soil organic carbon pool. In this study, bound lipids were extracted and identified in root and topsoil samples. Short-chain suberin diacids were quantified under rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rape (Brassica campestris) rotations with different cultivar combinations in a Chinese rice paddy. After removal of free lipids with sequential extraction, the residual bound lipids were obtained with saponification and derivatization before analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diacids C16 and C18 in bound lipids were detected both in rice and rape root samples, while diacids C20 and C22 were detected only in rape root samples. Accordingly, diacids were quantified in both rhizosphere and bulk soil (0-15 cm). The amount of total root-derived diacids in bulk soil varied in a range of 5.6-9.6 mg/kg across growth stages and crop seasons. After one year-round rice-rape rotation, root-derived suberin diacids were maintained at a level of 7-9 mg/kg in bulk soil; this was higher under a super rice cultivar LY than under a hybrid cultivar IIY. While concentrations of the analyzed diacids were generally higher in rhizosphere than in bulk soil, the total diacid (DA) concentration was higher at the time of rape harvest than at rice harvest, suggesting that rape roots made a major contribution to the preservation of diacids in the paddy. Moreover, the net change in the concentration and the ratios of C16:0 DA to C18:1 DA, and of C16:0 DA to C18:0 DA, over a whole growing season, were greater under LY than under IIY, though there was no difference between cultivars within a single growth stage. Overall, total concentration of root-derived suberin diacids was found to be positively correlated to soil organic carbon concentration both for bulk soil and rhizosphere. However, the turnover and preservation of the root suberin biomolecules with soil property and field conditions deserve further field studies
