1,721,075 research outputs found
Population, nation, immigration
No full textThe field of international relations has long been occupied with questions around the form and composition of the nation-state and its relation to international orders. The works contained in this section reflect the ways in which the categories of population and nation, and the movement of populations across national borders, were highly contested in international thought throughout the twentieth century. Many are demonstrative of the extent to which earlier generations of thinkers understood the relationship between individual responsibilities and the actions of states in the international arena. These questions were never just academic but grounded in the desire to directly engage with and shape some of the pressing challenges facing the international order in the first half of the twentieth century: problems of racial tensions and discrimination, immigration and perceived population over-crowding, nationalist fervor and conflict
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Transmitted and acquired HIV drug resistance in Viet Nam
Full text linkThe roll-out of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Viet Nam along with limited resources for treatment monitoring are expected to be accompanied by the emergence of transmitted and acquired drug resistance. Drug resistance challenges the success of ART program and the efforts to curb the HIV epidemic in Viet Nam. Understanding factors that impact treatment outcome and prevalence and patterns of drug resistance provides imperative information for strategic and effective management. The first part of this thesis aims to study the prevalence and patterns of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in ART-naïve patients. TDR prevalence was detected in 6.4% of ARV-naïve patients with HIV-associated tuberculous meningitis initiating ART in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) from 2005-2007. This rate is lower than that in developed countries and is comparable to TDR rates reported in similar resource-limited countries. Pattern of TDR reflected the standard first-line ART regimens with nucleotide and non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors in Viet Nam. The second part of this thesis aims to investigate factors that impact treatment outcome and drug resistance in second-line ART in Viet Nam. In a cohort of adult patients on second-line ART at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, rate of clinical and/or immunological failure was 18.2% after a median follow up of 29 months. Older age, history of injecting drug use, lower CD4 count at second-line ART initiation, suboptimal ART adherence, and previous protease inhibitor (PI) use independently predicted treatment failure. Prevalence of virological failure (HIV RNA >1000 copies/mL as recommended by the 2013WHO guidelines) in patients who survived and were in active follow up was 9.5%, and high viral load, non-adherence and previous PI use were independent predictors for virological failure to second-line ART. 64% of patients with virological failure carried major PI mutations. Cross-resistance to third-line medications was higher than reported in other studies with cross resistance to ETR, TPV, and DRV of 55%, 45%, and 27% patients, respectively. This information informs selection of appropriate third-line ART regimen for patients failing second-line ART in Viet Nam. In conclusion, the work of this thesis provides important data on TDR in the chronically HIV-infected population in Viet Nam, provides, for the first time, data on treatment outcome to lopinavir-based second-line ART in the presence of extensive NRTI drug resistance, and identifies modifying risk factors to improve treatment outcomes in Viet Nam. Strategies to diagnose treatment failure accurately, to switch therapy timely, and to provide targeted adherence support will improve the outcomes of patients. Continued surveillance of TDR should be performed to assure the effectiveness of ART at the population level. Cost-effectiveness studies should be conducted in order to provide evidence for policy makers to decide whether to apply baseline genotypic testing and viral load monitoring in a resource limited country like Viet Nam. Prospective studies are needed to study the validity of WHO immunological/clinical criteria in defining virological treatment failure in PI-based second-line ART
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