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Risk and decision-making
Full text linkAbstract
`This article provides a brief survey of the analysis of outcome risk: what it is, in what circumstance it is important, what the analytical tools are for describing and analysing it, what examples demonstrate the utility of these tools, and what inferences can be drawn from a risk-sensitive approach to behaviour. It also summarises empirical evidence bearing on these ideas. A risk-sensitive analysis of a particular behaviour entails two steps: first, each possible option for the behaviour must be associated with a frequency distribution of its odds. A particular choice of cultivars for one particular field will result in a certain frequency distribution of yields, say of barley. Then each outcome, or in this case each yield, must be assigned a value which might be measured as fitness, utility or some other currency of relevance. Each yield of barley has a certain fitness value to the peasant family engaged in subsistence endeavour
Australopithecine diet based on a baboon analogy
No full textRecent analyses suggest that both gracile and robust australopithecines could have been “small object feeders” in the sense suggested by Jolly (1970). Data are presented on the diet of Theropithecus gelada, a grassland baboon which has been put forward as a possible analogy for this stage in hominid evolution. The relevance of these data for a reconstruction of australopithecine diet is assessed and the implications of a “small object” diet for the evolution of hunting are discussed
Sexual behaviour and social relationships among gelada baboons
No full textThe effects of oestrus on the social behaviour of male and female gelada baboons (Theropithecus gelada) are quantitatively described. Oestrus was found to have little effect on the social behaviour of either the male or the female and does not disrupt to any significant extent the structure of social relationships among the members of the unit as a whole. The female is responsible for initiating most sexual interactions, but, other than this, does not show any marked increase in the amount of attention paid to the male. These results contrast with findings reported for other species of the baboon-macaque group, and the differences are discussed in relation to the contrasting social systems of these species
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
On hybridization between Theropithecus gelada and Papio anubis in the wild
No full textEvidence is presented which suggests that Theropithecus gelada and Papio anubis may interbreed in the wild. The behavioural and ecological circumstances which give rise to this are discussed. The implications of these observations to the taxonomic status of these genera are assessed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Ecological relations and niche separation between sympatric terrestrial primates in Ethiopia
No full textTheropithecus gelada, Papio anubis and Cercopithecus aethiops are commonly sympatric in Ethiopia. It is suggested that niche separation would be more marked among terrestrial open country species than among forest primates. The ecological relationships between these three species in an Ethiopian valley where they coexist are analysed. Quantitative data are presented on density and biomass, size of home ranges and day ranges, activity patterns, use of habitat, diet and feeding patterns and on interspecific interactions. These are compared across the species to determine to what extent ecological competition could occur and in what ways it is reduced. The data are discussed with reference to studies of forest primate communities where niche overlap has commonly been reported
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