1,720,995 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Circulating Lymphocytes Expressing PD-1 During Lung Cancers, Predictive Impact on Response to PD-1 PD-L1 Inhibitors
No full textLes bloqueurs de point de contrôle de l‘immunité (ICB) de PD-1/PD-L1 sont devenus incontournables dans le traitement des cancers bronchiques non à petite cellule (CBNPC). Cependant une minorité de patients va avoir une réponse clinique majeure liée aux ICB. Actuellement, pour prédire la réponse à ces traitements, seule l’expression de PD-L1 à la surface des cellules tumorales est utilisée en pratique clinique. Ce marqueur est cependant imparfait. D’abord, car il ne permet pas de détecter l’ensemble des répondeurs avec fiabilité. Ensuite, car il nécessite d’avoir accès à une biopsie tissulaire. Une des pistes pour dépasser ces limitations repose sur l’utilisation de biomarqueurs sanguins, dite « biopsie liquide ». Un prélèvement sanguin est en effet plus facile à réaliser, à réitérer et permet d’apprécier l’ensemble de la maladie tumorale tout en évaluant l’immunité de l’hôte. Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux lymphocytes circulants. Nous avons d’abord étudié les lymphocytes sénescents. La sénescence a été décrite comme un processus progressif, lié à la persistance de l’exposition antigénique et à l’acquisition d’une différenciation terminale et une faible capacité de prolifération. Nous avons défini en cytométrie de flux un « Senescent immune phenotype » (SIP) en fonction d’une population exprimant CD8+ CD28- CD57+ KLRG-1+. Le SIP+ est associé à une résistance primaire aux ICB en monothérapie chez les patients atteints de CBPNC avancés. La population SIP a des capacités de prolifération faibles tout en sécrétant des cytokines inflammatoires telles que le TNFα et de l’INFγ. Nous avons ensuite exploré un second biomarqueur circulant, le ratio LT CD8+ PD-1+ / LT CD4+ PD-1+, permettant d’apprécier l’impact des LT exprimant PD-1 les uns par rapport aux autres. Le rôle des LT CD8+, en particulier PD-1+, est souvent montré comme central dans le cycle de l’immunité antitumorale. Les LT CD4+ ont aussi un rôle important, à la fois de soutien à la réponse T CD8+ spécifique, mais aussi pour leur action antitumorale directe. Nous avons donc évalué ces deux populations au sein du rapport T CD8+ PD-1+ / T CD4+ PD-1+, le PERLS (PD-1+ Expressing Ratio on Lymphocyte on Systemic sample). Nous montrons dans ce travail que le PERLS est un marqueur associé à la réponse sous ICB. Sur le plan immunologique, le PERLS était significativement associé aux LT CD4+ naïfs circulants pré-thérapeutiques et à l’augmentation des LT mémoires sous traitement. Nous mettons aussi en évidence que l’augmentation de la polyfonctionnalité des LT est corrélée à la réponse ainsi qu’à une différenciation mémoire sous traitement. Ces résultats suggèrent que le PERLS pourrait être un marqueur, avant l’initiation du traitement, de la capacité des LT à se différencier et à devenir polyfonctionnels pendant le traitement. Nous avons obtenu et validé ces résultats pour les biomarqueurs SIP et PERLS, sur deux cohortes indépendantes de patients traités par anti-PD-1/PD-L1. Ces deux biomarqueurs ne permettent pas de prédire la réponse dans une cohorte de patients traités par chimiothérapie, ce qui suggère un rôle prédictif spécifique pour les ICB. Nous avons ensuite évalué un score composite en combinant le PERLS et le SIP avec une amélioration de la capacité à prédire à la fois la résistance primaire et les répondeurs. Conclusion : A travers le PERLS et le SIP nous montrons que l’utilisation de biomarqueurs circulants pré thérapeutiques est pertinente pour prédire l’efficacité des ICB et que ces tests peuvent être combinés. Une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes immunologiques mis en jeu est maintenant nécessaire. L’espoir serait de pouvoir cibler spécifiquement les populations néfastes ou à l’inverse de pouvoir restimuler des populations nécessaires à la réponse via des associations d’immunothérapies. L’exploration de ces biomarqueurs aurait donc à la fois un rôle dans la prédiction des ICB actuels mais aussi dans le développement des thérapeutiques à venir.The immune checkpoints blockers (ICB) of PD-L1/PD-1 became essential in treating most non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only a small minority of patients will have a major clinical response to ICB. To predict the response to these treatments, only the expression of PD-L1 on the cancerous cell surface is being used currently. Nevertheless, this marker remains imperfect. First because it is not reliable to detect all the responders. Also, because it shows multiple technical limitations such as variability in results depending on tests being used and the requirement of a tissue biopsy. One possible avenue to overcome these limits is to use blood biomarkers grouped under the general term of liquid biopsy. A blood draw would be easier to do and to repeat during the evolution, while also allowing the assessment of immune status of the patient. We chose to look particularly at circulating lymphocytes. First, we looked at senescent lymphocyte’s populations. Senescence is described as a progressive multistage process linked to a persistent antigenic exposure and the acquisition of terminal differentiation and low proliferation phenotype. We defined by flow cytometry a « Senescent immune phenotype » (SIP) for a CD8+ CD28- CD57+ KLRG-1+ population. SIP+ was associated with primary resistance to monotherapy ICB in advanced NSCLC. This SIP+ population shows low proliferating ability while producing TNFα and INFγ. We then looked at a second circulating biomarker the LT CD8 PD-1+ / LT CD4 PD-1+ ratio. The role of T CD8+ lymphocytes, in particular PD-1+, is often shown as central in the antitumor immunity cycle. However, we also note the role of LT CD4+ as crucial both in initiating and sustaining the lymphocyte T CD8+ specific response and for it’s one direct antitumoral effect. Therefore, we evaluate these two populations in a CD8+ PD-1+ / CD4+ PD-1+ ratio (PD-1+ Expressing Ratio on Lymphocyte on Systemic sample, “PERLS”). We demonstrate in this work that the PERLS+ is associated with response under ICB. From an immunology standpoint PERLS is highly associated to naïve lymphocyte T CD4+ circulating lymphocytes before therapy and with the increase of memory T lymphocytes under treatment. We also show that the increase in polyfunctional lymphocyte T is correlated to response and to memory differentiation under treatment. We obtained and validated these results on 2 independent patient cohorts treated with PD-1 and PD-L1 ICB. These 2 biomarkers do not allow to predict the response in a cohort of patients treated by chemotherapy, thus suggesting a specific predictive role for ICBs. Finally, we created a composite score combining PERLs and SIP which allow a better description of both primary resistance and response under ICB. Conclusion: Through PERLS and SIP we prove that utilizing circulating pre-therapy biomarkers is relevant to predict the efficiency of ICB and that these tests can be combined. A better understanding of the immunology mechanism behind these biomarkers is needed. The hope is to be able to pinpoint the bad populations or conversely, to stimulate the response of other populations through immunotherapy associations. The further exploration of these biomarkers would have an impact on predicting current ICB and in developing upcoming therapie
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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