1,721,047 research outputs found
Essays on Adaptation and Behavioural Responses to Abrupt Changes
No full textHumanity is currently facing a range of interconnected socio-ecological challenges, including climate change, economic instability, social crises, and pandemics. These issues often lead to abrupt changes, demanding the development of effective adaptation mechanisms to mitigate their impacts, particularly when they threat human survival. Hence, it is important to improve the understanding of adaptation, and identify the mechanisms driven its process. This thesis aims to advance the knowledge in this area by developing methodologies for assessment and exploring the influence of culture and risk preferences on the adaptation process.
Chapter 2 introduces an analytical framework to assess adaptation. This framework develops a metric to assess adaptation in a coupled human-ecological system. It derives driver-specific adaptation responses and disentangles the concepts of adaptation, sensitivity and total impact. The framework is applied to a calibrated bio-economic model focusing on the North Sea flatfish fishery. The case study demonstrates how fishers adapt through effort to three different changes in drivers and illustrates their differentiated effects on quantities supplied in the market.
Chapter 3 adopts an interdisciplinary approach to assess adaptation, using the conceptual representation of a socio-ecological system and the Ostrom Framework. The case study examines German flatfish fisheries and identifies the strategies they employed to persist despite the numerous challenges they encounter. Among the strategies, cultural traditions and self-identification as a fisher, rather than an entrepreneur, play and important role to foster adaptation.
Recognizing the importance of culture in adaptation, chapter 4 examines the role of cultural heritage from a consumer perspective. This chapter 4 focuses on the German brown shrimp fishery, the most important coastal fishery in Germany. Using a discrete choice experiment, this chapter estimates the willingness to pay of tourists and locals to preserve the cultural heritage of the shrimp fishery. The target population is drawn from four towns in Germany -Ditzum, Busum, Cuxhaven, and Gretsiel- recognized for preserving the traditional practices. The findings reveal that individuals in these areas
value maritime cultural heritage, along with other attributes of this fishery, such as its environmental sustainability.
The final chapter explores the role of risk preferences on the adaptation process, focusing on the post-impact phase following an abrupt change. Using the 2023 Turkey earthquake as a case study, this chapter investigates how individual risk preferences shift in response to the disaster. Through a combination of surveys and lab-in-the-field experiments involving over 600 participants - including both survivors of the earthquake and residents of unaffected cities in Turkey - the study reveals that individuals heavily impacted by the earthquake tend to become more risk-tolerant, with gender and damage level as significant factors influencing their responses.
In summary, this thesis investigates adaptation by integrating analytical and experimental methodologies. It develops metrics for assessing adaptation and examines the influence of culture and risk preferences on the adaptation process. By employing a variety of methodologies across different human-environment systems, this thesis contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the complex and interdisciplinary nature of adaptation
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Die Ökonomie des Klimawandels und der Ungleichheit: Analyse von Verteilungseffekten für Klimapolitikempfehlungen
No full textClimate change damages will disproportionately affect future generations, with a pronounced impact on poor regions and populations. However, mitigating the effects of climate change will pose disproportionate costs on today's generations, with a substantial burden on poor regions and populations. The distributional adverse impacts in the future would ask for a more ambitious climate policy, whereas disproportionate costs on today's poor would ask for less. Under these circumstances, climate policy would face a trade-off between addressing present and future inequality. Understanding the distributional impacts that climate policy poses is thus vital for developing not only effective but also equitable policy instruments.
This thesis assesses the distributional impacts of climate policy costs, damages, and revenues to examine how these distributional impacts affect today's and future inequality and shape climate policy recommendations. To this end, this thesis develops a microsimulation tool to estimate the distribution of carbon pricing costs in the EU with and without demand-side reactions to price and income changes, enhances global integrated assessment models (IAMs) to capture within-region income and damage inequality as well as transfers more accurately, and integrates estimates of the climate policy cost distribution into IAMs. Building on these extensions, this thesis comprehensively evaluates the distributional impacts of climate policy, derives policy recommendations, and assesses the robustness of the findings with an intermodel comparison.
The thesis finds that climate policy can reduce inequality in the short and long run. In the short run, carbon pricing with progressive transfers provides pronounced benefits for low-income households. EU carbon pricing without transfers disproportionately affects poorer households, driven by between-country differences. However, redistributing revenues via equal per capita (EPC) transfers benefits poorer households more strongly than richer households, decreasing inequality. These transfers come at the cost of increased emissions, mainly caused by average income increases and not inequality reductions. Compared to the initial emission reduction caused by the carbon price implementation, the emission increase is minor.
In the long run, avoiding regressive climate damages benefits the poor compared to no climate policy, all the more if these damages affect labor income and economic growth. This thesis identifies challenges around the mid-century when carbon price revenues decrease and avoided climate impacts are still relatively small. Overall, this thesis provides robust evidence that climate policy can entail short and long run beneficial distributional effects, which lead to ambitious climate policy recommendations in the short run.Die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels werden zukünftige Generationen überproportional stark betreffen, mit erheblichen Auswirkungen auf arme Regionen und Bevölkerungsgruppen. Die Eindämmung des Klimawandels wird jedoch vor allem Kosten für die heutigen Generationen mit sich bringen, mit erheblichen Auswirkungen auf arme Regionen und Bevölkerungsgruppen. Während zukünftige Verteilungseffekte durch überproportionale Klimaschäden für Ärmere nach einer ehrgeizigeren Klimapolitik verlangen, würde eine überproportionale Belastung durch die Klimapolitik auf heutige Ärmere dieser Forderung entgegenstehen. In dieser Situation würde die Klimapolitik vor einem Dilemma stehen und müsste zwischen einer erhöhten Ungleichheit in heutigen und zukünftigen Generationen abwägen. Daher ist ein Verständnis der Verteilungswirkungen von Klimapolitik entscheidend für die Entwicklung wirksamer und gerechter Politikinstrumente zur Eindämmung des Klimawandels.
Diese Arbeit untersucht die Verteilungswirkungen von den Kosten der Klimapolitik, den Klimaschäden und den Einnahmen der Klimapolitik, um zu analysieren, wie sich diese Verteilungswirkungen auf Ungleichheit heute und in der Zukunft auswirken und damit Klimapolitik selbst beeinflussen. Zu diesem Zweck entwickelt diese Arbeit ein Mikrosimulationsmodell, um die Kostenverteilung eines CO-Preises in der EU mit und ohne Nachfrageanpassungen auf Preis- und Einkommensänderungen abzuschätzen, verbessert globale integrierte Bewertungsmodelle (IAMs), um Einkommens- und Schadensungleichheiten innerhalb von Regionen und Ländern besser abzubilden, sowie Transferzahlungen genauer zu erfassen, und integriert Schätzungen der Verteilung der Klimapolitikkosten in IAMs. Aufbauend auf den implementierten Erweiterungen bewertet diese Arbeit umfassend die Verteilungswirkungen von Klimapolitik, leitet politische Empfehlungen ab und überprüft die Robustheit der Ergebnisse mit einem Vergleich verschiedener Modelltypen.
Die Arbeit kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Klimapolitik Ungleichheit sowohl kurz- als auch langfristig verringern kann. Kurzfristig stellt ein CO-Preis in Verbindung mit progressivem Transferzahlungen einkommensärmere Haushalte deutlich besser als ohne CO-Preis. Ohne Transferzahlung wären die ärmeren Haushalte in der EU jedoch deutlich stärker belastet als reichere Haushalte, was überwiegend durch Unterschiede zwischen den Ländern bedingt ist. Die Rückzahlung von Einnahmen über Pro-Kopf-Transfers kommt ärmeren Haushalten stärker zugute als reicheren und verringert daher die Ungleichheit. Diese Transfers gehen jedoch mit einem Anstieg der Emissionen einher, der hauptsächlich durch die durchschnittliche Einkommenssteigerungen und nicht durch die Verringerung der Ungleichheit verursacht wird. Im Vergleich zur anfänglichen Emissionsreduktion durch die Einführung des CO-Preises ist der Emissionsanstieg gering.
Langfristig profitieren ärmere Menschen im Vergleich zu Szenarien ohne Klimapolitik umso mehr von der Vermeidung regressiver Klimaschäden, wenn diese Schäden Arbeitseinkommen und Wirtschaftswachstum beeinflussen. Diese Arbeit identifiziert jedoch Herausforderungen rund um die Mitte des Jahrhunderts, wenn die Einnahmen aus dem CO2-Preis sinken und vermiedene Klimaauswirkungen noch relativ gering sind. Insgesamt zeigen die robusten Ergebnisse der Arbeit, dass ambitionierte Klimapolitik sowohl in heutigen als auch zukünftigen Generationen positive Verteilungseffekte mit sich bringen kann, die in den verwendeten Modellen zu der Empfehlung von ambitionierter Klimapolitik in den nächsten Dekaden führt.EC/H2020/821124/EU/Next generation of AdVanced InteGrated Assessment modelling to support climaTE policy making/NAVIGATEBMBF, 01LS1904A, Verbundprojekt AXIS: Klimaschäden und Klimapolitik in heterogenen Gesellschaften (CHIPS) - Teilprojekt 1: Neue Schadensfunktionen und Verteilungseffekte in Integrierten Bewertungsmodelle
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