238,544 research outputs found
Advanced driver assistance systems from autonomous to cooperative approach
No full textAdvanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have been one of the most active areas of ITS studies in the last two decades. ADAS aim to support drivers by either providing warning to reduce risk exposures, or automating some of the control tasks to relieve a driver from manual control of a vehicle. ADAS functions can be achieved through an autonomous approach with all instrumentation and intelligence on board the vehicle, or through a cooperative approach, where assistance is provided from roadways and/or from other vehicles. In this article, recent research and developments of longitudinal control assistance systems are reviewed including adaptive cruise control, forward collision warning and avoidance, and platooning assistants. The review focuses on comparing between autonomous systems and cooperative systems in terms of technologies used, system impacts and implementation. The main objective is to achieve common understanding on ADAS functional potentials and limitations and to identify research needs for further studie
Piloting a telemetric data tracking system to assess post-training real driving performance of young novice drivers
No full textEvaluating the effects of driver training interventions is a difficult research task. The ultimate goal of such interventions is to make the driver safer and therefore less likely to be involved in a road crash. A particular driver training intervention can only be considered to be effective if it can show a significant reduction in the number crashes for the driver, or a significant change in driver behaviour that clearly implies safer driving. Getting accurate and comprehensive crash records is difficult and to measure post training behavioural driving changes based on selfreports (e.g., log books) may not be accurate enough to be statistically meaningful
Preface
No full textM. J. Daymond, Dorothy Driver, Sheila Meintjes, Leloba Molema, Chiedza Muzengezi, Margie Orford, and Nobantu Rasebots
The effectiveness of police driver training on attitudes, beliefs and skills
No full textThe research undertook an analysis of the effectiveness of police driver training in the
development of appropriate driver attitudes and skills in terms of the objectives of the
training. The research focused upon the Standard/Response course of the Essex
Police. Trainees attitudes and skill, levels were measured at the beginning and after
each phase of training. An assessment of the stability and longevity of attitudes and
skill levels was made 3-10 months after the training. In addition, the influence of
police driving instructors and police recruitment policy on the development of
attitudes was made. From the research, an evaluation has also been made of the
effectiveness of different methods of researching and measuring an individual's
attitude towards a particular behaviour, having used direct, semi-direct, and indirect
methods of attitude measurement
The effects of driver training on simulated driving performance
No full textGiven that the beneficial effects of driver training on accident risk may not be an appropriate criterion measure, this study investigates whether professionally trained and experienced drivers exhibit safer driving behaviour in a simulated driving task compared with drivers without professional driver training. A sample of 54 police trained drivers and a sample of 56 non-police trained drivers were required to complete two tasks. Firstly to overtake a slow-moving bus on a hazardous stretch of single-lane road with bends and hills and secondly to follow a lead vehicle travelling at 55 mph in a built-up section with a speed limit of 30 mph. Results showed that in comparison with non-police trained drivers, police drivers were significantly less likely to cross the central division of the road at unsafe locations during the overtaking task and reduced their speed on approach to pedestrians at the roadside in the following task to a greater extent. Police drivers also adopted a more central lane position compared with non-police trained drivers on urban roads and at traffic lights during the following task. Driver group differences in simulated driving performance are discussed with reference to the implications for driver training assessment and skill development
Driver Monitor and Feedback Dispatcher in SPARC
No full textIn context of the EU-project SPARC [1], a comprehensive driver support concept was developed. At first, the actual vehicle behaviour is compared with reference vehicle behaviour, generated by the virtual co-pilot [2]. In case of any deviation the driver will be supported depended on his current condition. With a ‘Driver Monitor’ the system determines to what extent the driver is involved into the actual vehicle guidance. This support is generated by a software module ‘Feedback Dispatcher’ and transmitted as multimodal feedback to the driver
Development and validation of a self-report measure of bus driver behaviour
No full textThere are likely to be individual differences in bus driver behaviour when
adhering to strict schedules under time pressure. A reliable and valid
assessment of these individual differences would be useful for bus companies
keen to mitigate risk of crash involvement. This paper reports on three studies
to develop and validate a self-report measure of bus driver behaviour. For study
1, two principal components analyses of a pilot questionnaire revealed six
components describing bus driver behaviour and four bus driver coping
components. In study 2, test-retest reliability of the components were tested in
a sub-sample and found to be adequate. Further, the 10 components were used to
predict bus crash involvement at three levels of culpability with consistently
significant associations found for two components. For study 3, avoidance coping
was consistently associated with celeration variables in a bus simulator,
especially for a time-pressured drive. Statement of Relevance:The instrument can
be used by bus companies for driver stress and fatigue management training to
identify at-risk bus driver behaviour. Training to reduce the tendency to engage
in avoidance coping strategies, improve evaluative coping strategies and hazard
monitoring when under stress may improve bus driver safety
Driver attitude and attribution : implications for accident prevention
No full textThis study involved self-completion questionnaire-based surveys in which a total of almost
1800 respondents took part. Attributional bias identified by previous research in relation to
drivers' causal attributions for road accidents (Preston & Harris, 1965; Clay, 1987) was
more fully explored with the aid of both objectively and subjectively culpable driver samples.
Banks et al (1977) demonstrated the utility of distinguishing drivers according to culpability
in relation to accident fatalaties. The current study examined the utility of distinguishing
subjectively culpable, non-culpable, and non-accident driver groups in relation to road
accidents with a variety of consequences, in relation to factors which may predispose drivers
to accident involvement. This study involved a large sample of drivers who were
representative of the general population of licenced drivers in Britain, and specifically
focussed samples which allowed the influence of objective and subjective culpability to be
ascertained, while a relatively small cross-cultural survey allowed a focus on young drivers
(up to 25 years), involving Victorian (Australian) licenced drivers and a sub-sample of young
British drivers drawn from the main British sample.
The main objectives of the current study were to evaluate drivers' awareness of their potential
for active accident avoidance, exploring attribution issues raised by previous research and
examining factors which may contribute to road accidents in relation to self-reported accident
involvement and culpability and their implications for accident prevention.
The main findings were that drivers seemed to have a tendency to attribute more
responsibility to "other drivers" than to themselves for accidents in which they had been
involved, and to consider that such other drivers had more scope for accident avoidance than
they did themselves. Such tendencies, although very considerably reduced, were not
eradicated within the driver group deemed culpable by traffic police investigative teams.
These findings were broadly consistent with those of Clay (1987) and Preston & Harris
(1965), suggesting a lack of awareness of personal influence on accident occurrence, at least
to some degree, with implications for accident prevention, the quality of social interaction in
the driving environment (Knapper & Cropley, 1980), and the driver's potential to learn from
experience.
Perhaps more importantly, the other major finding was that clear distinctions could
nonetheless be made between drivers in accordance with self-reported accident involvement
and culpability in relation to driver affect/state, self-perception, attributions for accident
causation, and attitudinal/behavioural tendencies, in a manner which seemed to be meaningful
in terms of driver susceptibility to accident risk. Ile pattern of response for accident
involvement and culpability effects was then examined in relation to the norms which
emerged for age and sex, while the effects of driving experience duration and intensity were
examined separately. The second point of focus on any distinctive features of younger driver
risk, also allowed assessment of generalizability of findings across cultures, to some degree.
The findings appear to have considerable implications for the development of effective
accident prevention strategies, while suggesting that further exploration of drivers' causal
attribution bias in relation to road accidents and distinctions between drivers according to
subjective culpability may offer considerable safety benefits
Fuzzy Evolutionary Approaches for Bus and Rail Driver Scheduling
No full textBus and train driver scheduling is a process of partitioning blocks of work, each of which is serviced by one vehicle, into a set of legal driver shifts. The main objectives are to minimise the total number of shifts and the total shift cost. Restrictions imposed by logistic, legal and union agreements make the problem more complicated.
The generate-and-select approach is widely used. A large set of feasible shifts is generated first, and then a subset is selected, from the large set, to form a final schedule by the mathematical programming method. In the subset selection phase, computational difficulties exist because of the NP-hard nature of this combinatorial optimisation problem. This thesis presents two evolutionary algorithms, namely a Genetic Algorithm and a Simulated Evolution algorithm, attempting to model and solve the driver scheduling problem in new ways.
At the heart of both algorithms is a function for evaluating potential driver shifts under fuzzified criteria. A Genetic Algorithm is first employed to calibrate the weight distribution among fuzzy membership functions. A Simulated Evolution algorithm then mimics generations of evolution on the single schedule produced by the Genetic Algorithm. In each generation an unfit portion of the working schedule is removed. The broken schedule is then reconstructed by means of a greedy algorithm, using the weight distribution derived by the Genetic Algorithm. The basic Simulated Evolution algorithm is a greedy search strategy that achieves improvement through iterative perturbation and reconstruction. This approach has achieved success in solving driver scheduling problems from different companies, with comparable results to the previously best known solutions.
Finally, the Simulated Evolution algorithm for driver scheduling has been generalized for the set covering problem, without using any special domain knowledge. This shows that this research is valuable to many applications that can be formulated as set covering models. Furthermore, Taguchi's orthogonal experimental design method has been used for the parameter settings. Computational results have shown that for large-scale problems, in general the proposed approach can produce superior solutions much faster than some existing approaches. This approach is particularly suitable for situations where quick and high-quality solutions are desirable
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