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    Synchrotron strain scanning for residual stress measurement in cold-drawn steel rods

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    Cold-drawn steel rods and wires retain significant residual stresses as a consequence of the manufacturing process. These residual stresses are known to be detrimental for the mechanical properties of the wires and their durability in aggressive environments. Steel makers are aware of the problem and have developed post-drawing processes to try and reduce the residual stresses on the wires. The present authors have studied this problem for a number of years and have performed a detailed characterization of the residual stress state inside cold-drawn rods, including both experimental and numerical techniques. High-energy synchrotron sources have been particularly useful for this research. The results have shown how residual stresses evolve as a consequence of cold-drawing and how they change with subsequent post-drawing treatments. The authors have been able to measure for the first time a complete residual strain profile along the diameter in both phases (ferrite and cementite) of a cold-drawn steel rod

    Horse-drawn fire equipment

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    Drivers line up horse-drawn wagons on Long Beach street. Driver sits in front of each wagon, with firefighter also standing on the back. City Hall tower visible in background

    hand drawn diagram (3)

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    This image reflects a hand drawn schematic

    hand drawn diagram (5)

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    This image reflects a hand drawn schematic

    hand drawn diagram (4)

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    This image reflects a hand drawn schematic

    hand drawn diagram (2)

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    This image reflects a hand drawn schematic

    Modern fire truck and old horse-drawn fire cart at Station No. 12, 6509 Gundry.

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    Horse-drawn fire cart from early 20th century shares road with Seagrave ladder truck near Station No. 12

    Horse-drawn hook and ladder near the corner of Pine Ave. and Ocean Blvd.

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    Uniformed firefighters pose with horse-drawn apparatus
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