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Risk prediction, assessment and management
No full text[About the book]
Criminal Justice: Local and Global covers the way the 'local' can be widened out to look at international, transnational and supranational aspects of justice. This means that issues such as corporate crime and human rights can be discussed in a comparative and critical way, examining the possibility, for example of an International Criminal Court, cross-national jurisdictions of regulation and control (such as Interpol) and so on. Each chapter covers a different area of regulation, punishment and process.
Unlike previous texts, the book's approach will be an innovative approach to widen 'justice' to encompass considerations beyond simple, local jurisdictions. The book will take instances of 'justice' in one jurisdiction and use global examples to illustrate how ambiguous the concept of 'justice' can be
Finding Secrets and Secret Findings: Confronting the Limits of the Ethnographer's Gaze
Full text linkIn this chapter, I consider the moments during ethnographic practice when realities or meanings are ‘glimpsed at’, but are not fully revealed to the researcher. To do so, I draw on ethnographic research experiences during two projects conducted in English men’s maximum-security prisons (see Drake, 2012; 2014). I consider some of the moments during these projects when organisational secrets seemed to emerge but which could not be fully verified. In the closed, secretive and often paranoid environment of the prison, some aspects of the field can remain obscured to the outsider researcher, no matter how much time he or she spends with informants or observing in the field. The chapter considers the potential relationship between the conditionality of prison officer collegial culture and the emergence of ‘dark’ practices. It is argued that the deep, enduring tensions between care and custody, brutality and punishment that can accompany the prison officer role can also create structures and spaces in which hidden practices can be both exercised and kept hidden. A particular focus of the chapter is to consider the challenges for the ethnographer when only a sliver view of clandestine practices is obtained
‘Crossing the line’: Criminological expertise, policy advice and the ‘quarrelling society’
Full text linkIn October 2009, Professor David Nutt, eminent neuropsychopharmacologist and world leading expert on drugs, was dismissed as Chair of the UK government’s Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs for comments he made at the Centre of Crime and Justice Studies Eve Saville lecture. This article considers the role of evidence in political decision making through the case of David Nutt. It is argued that the status of expert knowledge is in crisis both for the natural and the social sciences. We examine the role of the criminological advisor within emerging discourses of public criminology and suggest that high-stakes political issues can open up unprecedented opportunities for critical voices to engage in unbridled critique and to mobilise movements of dissent
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Justice, globalisation and human rights
No full textAbout the book
Criminal Justice: Local and Global and its sister text Crime: Local and Global are two new teaching texts that aim to equip the reader with a critical understanding of the globally contested nature of 'crime' and'justice'. Through an examination of key concepts and criminological approaches, the books illuminate the different ways in which crime is constructed, conceived and controlled. International case studies are used to demonstrate how 'crime' and 'justice' are historically and geographically located in terms of the global/local context, and how processes of criminalisation and punishment are mediated in contemporary societies. Criminal Justice: Local and Global covers the way the 'local' can be widened out to look at international, transnational and supranational aspects of justice. This means that issues such as corporate crime and human rights can be discussed in a comparative and critical way, examining the possibility, for example of an International Criminal Court, cross-national jurisdictions of regulation and control (such as Interpol) and so on. Each chapter covers a different area of regulation, punishment and process. Unlike previous texts, the book's approach will be an innovative approach to widen 'justice' to encompass considerations beyond simple, local jurisdictions. The book will take instances of 'justice' in one jurisdiction and use global examples to illustrate how ambiguous the concept of 'justice' can be
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Deviant knowledge
Full text linkThe ability to openly challenge and express criticism of governing authorities is a cornerstone of progressive democratic societies. To ‘speak truth to power’ generates accountability and transparency where elected and appointed officials, and their governing rationalities and ideologies, are questioned and held to account. However, critical voices of dissent are increasingly marginalized, suppressed and threatened. Recent international headlines, such as, ‘World press freedoms have deteriorated …warning of a new era of propaganda’ (Reporters Without Borders, 2016); ‘Art is under Threat: Oppression against Freedom of Expression is Dangerously High’ (Freemuse, 2016); ‘The demise of academic freedom. When politically correct “speech police” are given the upper hand’ (Walpin, 2015), all attest to the ways that democratic freedoms in speech and artistic expression are under attack and subjected to systematic censorship and erosion. Such attacks on thought and expression have been witnessed in various historical regimes underpinned by a politics of intolerance and fear. More recently, the post 9-11 period has observed how commentators critical of the ‘war on terror’ have been silenced, neutralized and ‘dismissed as traitorous acts of sedition’ (Walters, 2003:132-134).\ud
For some commentators the demise of civil liberties is associated with heightened terrorist threats and the perceived need to regulate and monitor ‘offensive speech’. For Schoenwald (2001) the ‘authoritarian ascendency’ or the ‘rise of modern American conservatism’ has had a pervasive influence on media, global economics, political party politics, and the production of knowledge. Therefore, to offend with words or creative expression is seen as a catalyst that may incite radical fundamentalism and disrupt the social order. This position is examined comprehensively in Mike Hume’s influential book Trigger Warning. Is the Fear of Being Offensive Killing Free Speech?, where he argues that: \ud
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<i>‘Everybody in Western public life claims to support free speech in principle. Yet in practice free speech is on the endangered list. Freedom of expression today is like one of those exotic animals that everybody says they love, but that still appear to be heading inexorably towards extinction. Everywhere from the internet to the universities, from football to the theatrical stage, from out on the streets to inside our own minds, we are allowing the hard-won right to freedom of expression to be reined in and undermined’ (Hume, 2015:12).</i>\ud
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If academics, journalists, artists and other critical commentators are prevented from openly challenging and critiquing governing authorities, then how are the ruling elites held accountable for their decisions, policies and actions? Along these lines, - how are notions of democracy, human rights, social justice and humanitarianism advanced and progressed for the global good? If, as Hume (2015) argues, free speech is becoming constructed as a form of ‘extremism’ - as a danger to social and political stability – then those who exercise democratic rights to critical free speech also become demarcated as ‘extremists’ or ‘deviants’ and the words and values they disseminate are indeed forms of ‘deviant knowledge’
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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