1,720,993 research outputs found
Multinational investigation of cross-societal cooperation
No full textIn a globalized world, establishing successful cooperation between people from different nations is becoming increasingly important. We present results from a comprehensive investigation of cross-societal cooperation in one-shot prisoner's dilemmas involving population-representative samples from six countries and identify crucial facilitators of and obstacles to cooperation. In interactions involving mutual knowledge about only the other players' nationalities, we demonstrate that people hold strong and transnationally shared expectations (i.e., stereotypes) concerning the cooperation level of interaction partners from other countries. These expectations are the strongest determinants of participant cooperation. Paradoxically, however, they turn out to be incorrect stereotypes that even correlate negatively with reality. In addition to erroneous expectations, participants' cooperation behavior is driven by (shared) social preferences that vary according to the interaction partner's nationality. In the cross-societal context, these social preferences are influenced by differences in wealth and ingroup favoritism, as well as effects of specific country combinations but not by spatial distance between nations
Shared Group Memberships Mitigate Intergroup Bias in Cooperation
No full textDorrough, Angela/0000-0002-5645-949X; Yilmaz, Onurcan/0000-0002-6094-7162; Ugurlar, Pinar/0000-0003-2727-7803Research on cooperation between groups tends to consider a single social identity at a time. However, individuals naturally share group membership in one social category (e.g., religious belief) while diverging in membership to others (e.g., political ideology). Here, we test the effects of mixed-group membership on actual cooperative behavior relative to completely sharing (in-group) and completely diverging (out-group) group memberships. In three high-powered, preregistered, and incentivized experiments, we found evidence for our hypotheses that cooperation increases with the number of shared memberships in arbitrary (Experiment 1, N = 292) as well as naturally existing social categories such as political orientation and ethnicity (Experiment 2, N = 501) or political orientation and religious affiliation (Experiment 3, N = 292).Center for Social and Economic Behavior of the University of Cologne; through a Junior Start-Up grant [Rd10-2020-JSUG-Ugurlar]The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported by the Center for Social and Economic Behavior of the University of Cologne through a Junior Start-Up grant. Grant ID: Rd10-2020-JSUG-Ugurla
The development of ingroup favoritism in repeated social dilemmas
No full textIn two comprehensive and fully incentivized studies, we investigate the development of ingroup favoritism as one of two aspects of parochial altruism in repeated social dilemmas. Specifically, we test whether ingroup favoritism is a fixed phenomenon that can be observed from the very beginning and remains stable over time, or whether it develops (increases vs. decreases) during repeated contact. lngroup favoritism is assessed through cooperation behavior in a repeated continuous prisoner's dilemma where participants sequentially interact with 10 members of the ingroup (own city and university) and subsequently with 10 members of the outgroup (other city and university), or vice versa. In none of the experiments do we observe initial differences in cooperation behavior for interaction partners from the ingroup, as compared to outgroup, and we only observe small differences in expectations regarding the interaction partners' cooperation behavior. After repeated interaction, however, including a change of groups, clear ingroup favoritism can be observed. Instead of being due to gradual and potentially biased updating of expectations, we found that these emerging differences were mainly driven by the change of interaction partners' group membership that occurred after round 10. This indicates that in social dilemma settings ingroup favoritism is to some degree dynamic in that it is enhanced and sometimes only observable if group membership is activated by thinking about both the interaction with the ingroup and the outgroup
What are the positive and negative side effects of gender quotas?
No full textTo decrease inequality between men and women in the workplace, multiple European countries have introduced legislated quota regulations in favor of women. Since 2016, a gender quota has been entrenched in German law followed by a significant rise in the representation of women in target positions. But do quota regulations have additional effects on everyday work life? This article presents empirical research on positive and negative side effects of gender quota regulations. We discuss for instance effects on women’s interest in leadership positions, the performance evaluation of “quota women“, as well as group work in quota-based created teams
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Stereotype, ihre Messung und ihre Konsequenzen im fernuniversitären Kontext
Get PDFStereotypes as generalized beliefs about social groups are widespread and rooted in human cognition. They are furthermore particularly likely to be activated in online settings. Higher distance education offers temporal and spatial flexibility and therefore attracts many student groups that are underrepresented in traditional universities. Although stereotypes are particularly likely to be activated in online settings and some groups that are overrepresented in higher distance education are negatively stereotyped in general society, no research has yet examined stereotypes in higher distance education. Stereotype research usually distinguishes between perceivers (stereotyping group) and targets (stereotyped group) of stereotypes. On the perceivers’ side, stereotypes about targets can be associated with prejudice and discrimination dependent on the content of a stereotype. On the targets’ side, social identity threat (i.e., concern that is triggered when negative stereotypes threaten the positive image of one’s own group or when devaluation or stigmatization of the own group is present) can additionally impair negatively evaluated groups. Numerous studies have focused on performance-related impairments due to social identity threat but no research yet investigated the growing topic of social consequences of social identity threat (i.e., reduced belonging, social approach motivation) in higher distance education. Especially in an educational setting that has the potential to reduce group-based educational disparities like higher distance education, negative consequences of stereotypes on the perceivers’ and the targets’ side are essential to be investigated which is therefore the overarching goal of the present dissertation. As a first step, relevant groups and the stereotypes about these groups were identified to understand which groups are at risk for the subsequently investigated negative consequences of stereotypes on the perceivers’ side (research aim 1). Since the first research aim was pursued with a novel integrative approach, respective theoretical and methodological assumptions needed to be corroborated in further studies (research aim 2). Finally, the targets’ side was examined by comparing social identity threat between student groups and testing its predictions on the detrimental social consequences (research aim 3). Student groups at risk for negative stereotypes and the consequences of stereotypes on the perceivers’ and the targets’ side in higher distance education were identified. In detail, results regarding research aim 1 yielded that especially younger students and students with non-German native language as groups at risk for negative stereotypes in higher distance education and that especially competence-related stereotypes play a major role regarding prejudice and discrimination in this context. Research aim 2 was answered by yielding a high predictive value but partly context-specific effects of the applied approach to measure stereotypes and their consequences. Results related to research aim 3 revealed that students with chronic illness, students with disability, students with children, full-time employed students, and students with non-German native language report comparatively high values of social identity threat and that reduced belonging and reduced social approach motivation are indeed consequences of social identity threat in higher distance education. This dissertation comprehensively informs higher distance education researchers and practitioners about which groups are potentially affected by prejudice and discrimination on the one hand and social identity threat, reduced belonging, and reduced social approach motivation on the other hand. Interestingly, groups at risk for negative consequences on the perceivers’ and the targets’ side did not perfectly overlap. This emphasizes the importance of investigating both sides of consequences and precisely informs future intervention research
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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