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Debt peonage in Granada, Nicaragua, 1870-1930
No full textThe rise of coffee cultivation was a watershed in Nicaraguan history. Prior to the 1880s, most land was common property; thereafter, land in coffee districts was privately owned. Before coffee, peasants labored largely in household and communal production; afterward, many rural Nicaraguans worked on coffee estates for several months out of the year. In the past, historians viewed this revolution in land and labor as Nicaragua's capitalist transition. Notwithstanding major disagreements about how capitalism developed, they agreed that land privatization dispossessed the peasantry and promoted the spread of free wage labor. This interpretation fit the prevailing Central American historiography: namely, that the coffee boom was the region's great capitalist transformation. In the 1990s, Central American historians overturned part of this orthodoxy by demonstrating that the expansion of coffee cultivation did not separate most peasants from the land. However, on the dual issue of wage labor and the rise of capitalism, the earlier consensus largely retained its hold. For Nicaragua, there is mounting evidence that between 1870 and 1930 the production regime on coffee plantations was not a capitalist one. Recently, Jeffrey Gould argued that free labor did not prevail in the highlands coffee zone. My study of labor relations in Diriomo, a municipality in the department of Granada, reaches similar conclusions. In the southern coffee zone, debt peonage was a largely coercive production regime, more dissimilar than similar to free wage labor.This history of upheaval in the countryside is told largely by the men and women of Diriomo. The words of peons, planters, and local officials who lived a century ago have survived in court records, official correspondence, estate papers, and the mountain of paperwork generated by Nicaragua's forced-labor regime. Alongside voices from generations past are contemporary Diriomeños' stories, handed down from the epoch of the great coffee boom to the present day. Their memories come from the oral histories I collected in the pueblo in the 1990s. The great diversity of voices, past and present, vividly describes the everyday lives of peasants, planters, and politicians who willingly and unwillingly found themselves drawn into the fabric of Nicaragua's debt peonage regime
Calcined and uncalcined carbonate layered double hydroxides for possible water defluoridation in rural communities of the East African Rift Valley
No full textHealth risks linked to the regular consumption of water with high fluoride (F − ) content seriously affect rural areas of the East African Rift Valley. The F − removal capacity has been tested on uncalcined and calcined carbonate layered double hydroxides (LDHs), with different cationic compositions (M 2+ = Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ ; M 3+ = Al 3+ , Fe 3+ ) and M 2+ /M 3+ molar ratio (2, 3, 4), taking into account the necessity of a simple defluoridation method. The 3MgAlFe-cal phase derived from calcination of a hydrotalcite-like compound with composition Mg/(Al + Fe) = 3/(0.5 + 0.5) results to be the best F − remover (43 mg/g) and can uptake up to 92.3 mg/g when the interlayer is fully saturated with F − . At the high pH reached during the experiments (up to pH 12 for calcined LDHs), the presence of carbonate species in solution significantly affects the F − removal capacity. The recyclability of the sorbent was tested by regeneration through calcination of the 3MgAlFe-cal phase: under F − unsaturated interlayer conditions, up to 80% of the starting F − removal capacity is still preserved after four regeneration cycles, indicating that LDHs can be reused after regeneration and have a potential use in water defluoridation
Water defluoridation by carbonate calcined and uncalcined Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
Full text linkCarbonate Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) with different cationic composition and M/M3+ molar ratio were tested, both untreated and calcined, for water defluoridation. The defluoridation capacity of calcined LDHs, produced by intercalation during the reconstruction of lamellar structure, is more effective than the anion exchange of untreated LDHs. Among the calcined LDHs tested, that with 3Mg/(0.5Al+0.5Fe) molar ratio yields a maximum fluoride sorption capacity up to 92.3 mg/g, in spite of the high pH value (up to 12) of the experiments. After four cycles of regeneration by calcination and subsequent water defluoridation, this LDH composition maintains more than 80% of its fluoride removal capacity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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