1,721,003 research outputs found
Cognitive restructuring
No full textCognitive theory asserts that it is the way we think about a situation, rather than the situation itself, that leads us to feel a particular emotion and behave in a particular way. Cognitive restructuring is a cognitive technique whereby unhelpful thoughts that lead to emotions such as anxiety and unhappiness are identified and examined for truth, accuracy, and validity, while at the same time, more helpful thoughts are developed and strengthened (Leahy & Rego, 2012). It has been shown that children as young as 5 years of age can benefit from cognitive therapy, provided it is delivered in an age-appropriate way (Doherr et al., 2005). The challenge for therapists is to be creative in their delivery of cognitive restructuring to young people, so that it is not only age-appropriate, but that it is also engaging and motivating for the child or adolescent. This chapter outlines a general process of skill training for young people that involves information giving, use of stories, use of activities based on hypothetical situations, activities based on personal situations, and in-between session practice. It also provides therapists with a two-session, “how to” guide, with specific instructions and examples for the delivery of cognitive restructuring with children and adolescents. It is hoped that this chapter is useful for clinicians, and that it will ultimately benefit the many children and adolescents for whom clinicians provide much-needed help.No Full Tex
The development and psychometric properties of the sexual and relationship distress scale (SaRDS)
No full textDistress is an important factor in the aetiology, maintenance and treatment of sexual difficulties and as such the Third International Consultation on Sexual Medicine highlighted the need for validated measures of sexual distress for use as outcome measures in future clinical trials. Most measures currently available are gender-specific or dysfunction-specific and rarely measure the impact at the level of the couple relationship. Given that relationship factors strongly predict the degree of distress experienced, it is important to learn more about the interplay between sexual dysfunction and relationship satisfaction.
Objective
The Sexual and Relationship Distress Scale (SaRDS) was developed to meet the need for a measure of both individual and relationship distress within the context of sexual dysfunction.
Materials and Method
73 initial items were created from the results of an earlier qualitative study and administered using an online survey to 1381 participants, along with measures for the purposes of psychometric evaluation including the FSDS-R, CSI-16, DASS-21, and questions relating to sexual function.
Results
Multiple iterative rounds of factor analyses were conducted on the initial item pool, resulting in a 30-item, 14 factor measure. The CFA showed that this model has an adequate fit. The final measure demonstrated good psychometric properties, with strong internal reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity.
Conclusions
Unlike most measures in this field, the SaRDS is multi-dimensional and assesses 14 distinct yet related types of sexual and relationship distress experienced in the context of sexual dysfunctions. It can be administered across genders and both members of a couple. It therefore has multiple uses within both research and clinical settings.
Disclosure
Work supported by industry: no. The presenter or any of the authors act as a consultant, employee (part time or full time) or shareholder of an industry.No Full Tex
A qualitative exploration of the distress resulting from sexual desire difficulties in couples
No full textDespite the importance of distress in the diagnosis and treatment of desire disorders, the phenomenon of distress has received scant empirical investigation. Measures are limited, and the individual and couples factors that predict, moderate or ameliorate distress are poorly understood. While practitioners regularly treat sexual desire at the couple level, the literature has not yet caught up and is still highly focused on women alone.
Objective
The current research aims to build our understanding of distress as it occurs within a dyad, with a focus on describing the distress and consequences resulting from low or discrepant sexual desire.
Materials and Method
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 participants (13 couples) between the ages 18 and 47 years (average age 31.8 years), who were in long-term heterosexual relationships (average duration 8 years 10 months), and who self-reported low or discrepant sexual desire and distress in either member of the couple. Data collection and analysis were informed by grounded theory methodology and SDI, FSDS-R, DASS and KMSS measures were completed.
Results
Thematic analysis resulted in 29 conceptually distinct themes of distress and consequences that were clustered into four overarching categories: negative emotions, behavioural change, impacts on the relationship, and problematic thoughts.
Conclusions
The previous focus on frequency of sexual activity for an individual or couple is insufficient for describing and understanding the consequences of low or discrepant desire for both members of the couple, and their relationship. The results of this study suggest that that low sexual desire or desire discrepancy in distressed couples, leads to significant change in couples’ behaviour, emotion, cognition and attributions. Researchers and treating clinicians should conceptualise it as a complex, multifaceted and deeply distressing concern for which we need to improve our understanding and treatment options.
Disclosure
Work supported by industry: no. The presenter or any of the authors act as a consultant, employee (part time or full time) or shareholder of an industry.No Full Tex
Beyond the Thin Ideal: Development and Validation of the Fit Ideal Internalization Test (FIIT) for Women
No full textFemales are at risk for body image and eating disturbance when they internalize societally prescribed standards of Western beauty. With respect to messages to be thin or muscular, numerous scales are available that measure internalization. However, many women are now receiving messages about the desirability of being both thin and toned, yet no self-report measure of internalization of a fit female body ideal exists. Our aim was to develop a multidimensional tool (i.e., the Fit Ideal Internalization Test; FIIT) useful for assessing women's internalization of the fit ideal (i.e., a lean and toned body ideal). Three studies were conducted, recruiting independent groups of women attending university to complete surveys. In Study 1 (N = 300, age 16-51), women completed the FIIT items, and a 3-factor structure of fit idealization (8 items), fit overvaluation (8 items), and fit behavioral drive (4 items) was established through exploratory factor analysis. Also, items loading highly on each of the factors had good interitem correlations. In Study 2 (N = 354, age 16-63), women completed the 20-item FIIT and validation measures. The 3-factor structure of the FIIT was confirmed, and findings supported convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the FIIT subscale scores (and a total score). In Study 3 (N = 67, age 17-50), the 2-week test-retest reliability of the FIIT scores was high. Overall, the 3 FIIT subscales are related but also distinct domains of fit ideal internalization that conform to theory and may be used as individual subscales or potentially as a composite score.No Full Tex
Motivational processes contributing to disturbances in women's body image and eating
No full textReinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) provides a neurobiological personality framework for understanding approach and avoidance behavioural patterns. Recent research suggests an association between RST personality traits (reward interest and behavioural inhibition system [BIS]) and women's body image and eating behaviours. The current study aimed to extend this research by testing for indirect relationships between reward interest and BIS and eating disorder symptoms, as mediated through thin ideal internalisation. Adult female participants (N = 354, M = 22.06 years of age, SD = 6.78) completed self-report measures of reward interest, BIS, thin ideal internalisation, and eating disorder symptoms (i.e., restraint, eating concerns, weight and shape concerns). Indirect relationships were tested using bootstrapped mediation analyses. Results showed thin ideal internalisation mediated the pathways between the BIS and restraint, eating concern, and weight and shape concerns. Reward interest was not associated with thin ideal internalisation, or with eating disorder symptoms. Although the application of RST to women's body image is an emerging research area, these novel findings suggest BIS trait sensitivity may increase women's risk of body image concerns and restricted eating, via increased levels of thin ideal internalisation. Overall, these findings provide preliminary support for inclusion of individual differences in BIS sensitivity in risk factor models of body image and eating disturbances. Future research should aim to replicate these findings in more diverse samples, using longitudinal designs.Full Tex
Adolescents’ Online Coping: When Less Is More but None Is Worse
No full textMobile technologies are omnipresent across adolescent life and require better characterization of their potential benefits. Adolescents also experience high rates of daily stress so that investigating youths’ technology use in relation to their stress response is of practical importance. We employed experience sampling data from a subset of 115 youths (n = 1,241 time points) who reported on their technology-based coping and assessed how these related to emotion change throughout the day and controlled for important covariates. Models testing for the benefits of moderate use (relative to no or heavy use; i.e., Goldilocks effect) showed a clear pattern of positive effects of moderate coping online, particularly in relation to support seeking and self-distraction. Moderate online coping was adaptive and often fostered declines in negative emotion.Full Tex
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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