3,516 research outputs found
Simon Kuznets and Kharkiv school of economics
No full textThe author attempts to put the facts of the Nobelist’s Simon (Semen) Kuznets (1901-1985) Kharkiv period biography in the general context of our information about the Kharkiv Higher School of Economics at the beginning of XX century. We analyze curriculum of the first two courses in the Kharkiv Institute of Commerce, that Simon Kuznets attended during 1918-1921 and to discuss the distinctive features of its leading professors scientific views. Special attention is paid to the academic experience gained by Simon Kuznets in the field of social and economic statistics and economic methodology.В статье приводится попытка поставить факты харьковского периода биографии известного экономиста Нобелевского лауреата Саймона (Семена) Кузнеца (1901-1985) в контекст сведений о харьковской высшей экономической школы нач. ХХ в. Анализируется учебный план первых двух курсов Коммерческого института, который окончил С. Кузнец, особенности научных взглядов ведущих профессоров и преподавателей, курсы которых имел посещать С. Кузнец. Особое внимание уделяется академическому опыту, полученному С. Кузнецом в области социальной и экономической статистики и экономической методологии.У статті надається спроба поставити факти харківського періоду біографії відомого економіста Нобелівського лауреата Саймона (Семена) Кузнеця (1901-1985) у контекст відомостей щодо харківської вищої економічної школи поч. ХХ ст. Аналізується навчальний план перших двох курсів Комерційного інституту, який закінчив С. Кузнець, особливості наукових поглядів провідних професорів і викладачів, курси яких мав відвідувати С. Кузнець. Особливу увагу звертається на академічний досвід, отриманий С. Кузнецом у галузях соціальної та економічної статистики й економічної методології
In the heat of the moment : how does exposure to news about extreme weather events shape the general public’s climate change mitigation and adaptation priorities?
No full textThe increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme weather events are among the manifestations of anthropogenic climate change most notable to the public. Exposure to these events has been shown to heighten individuals’ concern about climate change, motivate personal-level climate actions, and enhance support for climate policies. However, the tendency towards single-action bias coupled with limited resources may lead individuals to prioritize either adaptation or mitigation actions in the wake of weather extremes. Until now, the effect of extreme weather events on climate action preferences remained largely underexplored. To address this research gap, this dissertation explored how news of extreme weather events affect individuals’ priorities concerning mitigation and adaptation actions. These priorities are explored both in terms of the intentions to undertake personal-level actions and support for governmental initiatives. To achieve this, a representative sample of the United States and Canadian population (N=1058) was recruited to participate in an experimental survey assessing the effect of exposure to news texts about record-breaking heatwaves, varied by geographical proximity and severity, on personal and collective-level climate action preferences. The results show that news about a weather extreme prompts individuals to prioritize personal- and governmental-level adaptation measures aimed at preparing for the effect of the type of event reported in the news article. This relationship is not affected by the geographical proximity or the presence of casualties associated with the portrayed heatwave. The findings suggest that extreme weather events present opportunities for policymakers to advance climate change adaptation initiatives and for climate change communicators to educate the public on effective adaptation actions that do not exacerbate emissions, while stressing the importance of emissions reduction actions.Arts, Faculty ofGeography, Department ofGraduat
Exploring the impact of the El Niño / Southern Oscillation on wave variability in Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati
No full textTarawa Atoll (Republic of Kiribati), located in the Central Pacific Ocean near the equator, is exposed to significant sea level and wave variability due to the El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. As significant wave height (Hs) and energy play a crucial role in inundation events, this thesis investigates ENSO’s impact on wave activity by analyzing the full offshore wave energy spectrum of two wave hindcasts between 1979 and 2018. When assessing the granularity needed to study an atoll’s wave variability, the high-resolution hindcast provided by the Pacific Community more accurately represented wave variations near the shorelines but underrepresented extreme waves compared to the hindcast acquired from the Collaboration for Australian Weather and Climate Research. The analysis focussed on the distinct effects of Central Pacific (CP), Eastern Pacific (EP), and mixed El Niño events, all exhibiting an overall directional change with increased wave energy due to trade wind changes and westerly wind bursts. During the boreal winter of EP El Niño events, positive anomalies were observed in waves originating from the north and northeast, predominantly approaching Tarawa’s less densely populated shorelines. Similarly, La Niña conditions exhibited increased wave activity from the east. South Tarawa’s densely populated lagoon-facing shorelines however were mainly impacted during CP and mixed El Niño events. By clustering extreme wave events, I found these to be more frequent during El Niño conditions, due in part to the higher likelihood of westerly wind bursts. Subsequently, I used Sheppard et al.’s (2005) wave attenuation model to estimate the propagation of average and extreme waves across the reef flat, revealing that the western lagoon-facing shoreline, typically characterized by reduced wave energy and wave set-up, is particularly susceptible to wind-generated waves during El Niño. The model runs also encompassed the potential impact of future sea level rise and reef degradation, providing a sensitivity analysis of how these forces will potentially act together in the future. By 2100, Hs along Tarawa’s lagoon-facing shoreline during El Niño-related westerly wind bursts is projected to increase by up to 89% and more than triple in wave energy under the SSP5-8.5 emission scenario.Arts, Faculty ofGeography, Department ofGraduat
Dynamics of warm-season marine heatwaves and their ecological impacts
No full textMarine heatwaves in the summertime when temperatures may exceed organisms’ thermal thresholds (“warm-season MHWs”) have huge impacts on the health and function of ecosystems like kelp forests and coral reefs. While previous studies showed that MHWs have increased in frequency and severity over recent decades and are likely to become more frequent and severe under climate change, there has been less analysis of the thermal properties of warm-season MHWs. This dissertation aims to improve our understanding of the thermal properties of warm-season MHW in the past and future, and their impacts on marine organisms and ecosystems, which may help inform marine conservation and management under climate change. I first examined the trends in the thermal properties of warm-season MHWs at a global-scale from 1985 to 2019 using multiple metrics (e.g., duration, peak intensity, accumulated heat stress and heating rate), and found that the historical increase in accumulated heat stress was predominantly driven by the increased duration rather than the increased intensity. Next, I examined the ability of three Climate Model Intercomparison Project 6 models to simulate five key properties of warm-season MHWs, and found that the duration, accumulated heat stress and peak intensity are projected to increase. Meanwhile, the duration of pre-MHW exposure to sub-lethal heat stress and following recovery with no heat stress (i.e., “priming” conditions) and heating rate are projected to decrease, potentially reducing organisms’ ability to acclimate to heat stress. For some coral reef and kelp forest locations, the projected increases in the MHW duration and accumulated heat stress, however, are likely overestimated due to model limitations in simulating surface winds, deep convection and some other processes that influence MHW evolution. Lastly, employing comparative analyses and mixed-effects models with a global coral bleaching observation database and heat stress metrics, I demonstrated that priming conditions can mitigate some of the coral bleaching response to a subsequent MHW, provided the MHW is moderate. However, such protective effects of priming conditions may be decreasing due to climate change. The examination of priming frequency across coral reefs globally identified potential refugia where coral reefs have a higher likelihood of priming protection.Arts, Faculty ofGeography, Department ofGraduat
Integration of sea surface temperature and light for prediction of coral bleaching
No full textClimate change represents one of the principal threats to coral reef ecosystems because of an increase in mass coral bleaching and associated coral mortality due to more frequent and severe thermal stress. Even though most research has focused on temperature, coral bleaching results from the interacting effects of temperature and other environmental variables such as solar radiation. Exposure of corals to high light exacerbates the impact of thermal stress on corals, whereas reductions in light can reduce sensitivity to thermal stress. This dissertation aims to integrate the effects of light and temperature to assess how corals have responded to periods of cold and warm water, and under various future climate change scenarios. The synergetic effect of light is evaluated through the development of different models and methods. First, performing a logistic regression model approach on cold-water bleaching observations I find that cold-water bleaching can be best predicted with an accumulated cold-temperature metric (Degree Cooling Weeks), although the effect of light marginally improved prediction accuracy. Second, using mixed-effects models on a global database of warm-water bleaching observations and environmental metrics, I find that coral reefs exposed to severe bleaching-level heat stress show a reduced bleaching response if exposed to high cloudiness. Then, I developed a ‘cloudy refugia’ index which identifies regions where cloudiness is most likely to protect corals from bleaching. The findings suggest that incorporating cloudiness into prediction models can help identify reefs that may be more resilient to climate change. Finally, using mixed-effects models on future climate projections from GFDL-ESM4, I find that though warming ocean water is the primary driver of future coral bleaching conditions, cloudiness might delay the onset of frequent bleaching by four decades in low emission scenarios. However, the protection of clouds in addition to corals' ability to adapt to climate conditions are likely to be outpaced in high-emission scenarios. This research provides an overarching assessment of the influence of thermal stress and light on mass coral bleaching patterns globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates the value of including more driving variables when examining the fate of coral reefs in different future greenhouse gas emissions scenarios.Arts, Faculty ofGeography, Department ofGraduat
Coral reef ecology and conservation in the tropical Pacific Ocean
No full textBoth local and global stressors threaten coral reefs, putting the food security, cultural continuity, and livelihoods of millions of reef-dependent people at risk. Still, scientists lack an understanding of how climate-driven heat stress interacts with local stressors such as fishing and pollution to influence reef health. Coral reef communities in the Marshall Islands and Kiribati, both low-lying atoll nations in the central Pacific, offer an opportunity to examine these interactions. The Gilbert Islands of Kiribati, which straddle the equator, experience highly variable sea surface temperatures (SSTs) inter-annually due to El Niño / Southern Oscillation, driving coral bleaching events in 2004/2005 and 2009/2010, while the Marshall Islands further north of the equator experience more stable SSTs. Both nations are home to degraded reefs near their capitol atolls, which host over half of each country’s populations. I first analyzed the benthic trajectories of coral reefs in the Gilbert Islands from 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018, across a gradient of local human disturbance after multiple stressors, including two heat stress events and an outbreak of the corallivorous Crown-of-Thorns (CoTs) starfish, finding that locally degraded reefs were more resistant to heat stress than less trafficked reefs because the former were home to hardier taxa. Next, comparing locally disturbed and undisturbed reefs in Kiribati to those in the Marshalls demonstrated that the interactions between local and global stressors were context-dependent; the taxa that were present dictated the interactions. Then, via a meta-analysis of 1,205 sites in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, I demonstrated that a proxy often used to assess the effects of local human disturbance on reef health, the percent cover of macroalgae, does not correlate with local human disturbance. Instead, different genera of macroalgae exhibited diverse and often opposing responses to various sources of local human disturbance. Finally, I used public archives from an email listserv popular among the coral conservation community to analyze the policy narratives used by participants when discussing local threats to reefs, the actors involved in the local threat, their distal drivers, and the proposed solutions, revealing underlying assumptions about reefs and local people, which could inadvertently undermine conservation.Arts, Faculty ofGeography, Department ofGraduat
Ectatosticta australis Simon, 1902, sp. nov.
No full text<p>Ectatosticta australis, sp. nov.</p> <p>- ♀ (pullus) long. 11 mill. - Cephalothorax fuscus. Abdomen valde convexum, fusco-olivaceum, apice confuse testaceo-punctatum. Pedes fusco-olivacei. Chelae fusco-rufulae. margine superiore sulci dentibus contiguis quinque, 1 ° et 2 ° inter se aequis, reliquis minoribus, penultimo ultimo paulo minore. margine inferiore crasse piloso, spatio intermarginali mutico,- Tasmania.</p> <p>Cette espèce est très intéressante pour la distribution des Hy pochilidae.famille qui ne renfermait jusqu’ici que deux espèces: Hypochilus Thorelli Marx, de I'Amérique du Nord, et Ectatosticta Davidi E. Sim. de Chine. - Je ne puis en donner qu'une description sommaire, mon seul exemplaire étant une femelle capturée au moment de la mue; la cuticule soulevée du céphalothorax ne permet pas d’observer les yeux. L’armature des chélicères diffère un peu de celle de l' E. Davidi E. Sim.: chez celui-ci la marge supérieure offre 6 ou 7 dents avec la 4 e et la 5 e un peu plus longues que les autres, la marge inférieure est également poilue, mais 1 ' espace intermarginal offre, de plus, sous la base du crochet, une courte série granuleuse.</p>Published as part of <i>Eugene Simon, 1902, Descriptions de quelques Arachnides nouveaux de la section des Cribellates, pp. 240-243 in Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France 15</i> on page 24
Rhétorique des Mémoires du duc de Saint-Simon
No full textCette thèse se propose d analyser le style des Mémoires de Saint-Simon, afin d en comprendre la virulente énergie si sensible à la lecture. Inscrite dans une approche rhétorique, l étude s intéresse d abord au positionnement discursif de Saint-Simon et aux fondements de la légitimité auctoriale : il s agit d expliquer comment, par un ensemble de dispositifs, le mémorialiste rend possible le plein épanouissement d une rhétorique du blâme. Celle-ci se développe suivant deux orientations majeures, l une judiciaire, l autre épidictique, dont la variété des composantes témoigne à quel point Saint-Simon osa tout e crire . L enquête se prolonge en montrant que cette rhétorique du blâme participe en réalité d un discours de plus large portée : l écriture, pour le mémorialiste, constitue une revanche sur l Histoire quand toute autre prise sur l action s avère impossible. C est dans cette perspective que se révèle alors dans le texte des Mémoires toute l importance des discours rapportés et des procédés de recomposition de l Histoire.This dissertation aims to analyze the style of Saint-Simon s Memoirs in order to better understand the virulent energy delivered in its reading. In keeping with a rhetorical approach, this study first focuses on the discursive position taken by Saint-Simon and the foundations of auctorial legitimacy. It is explained how, using various literary devices, the author succeeds in fully exploiting the rhetoric of blame. He accomplishes this through two rhetorical orientations judiciary and epideictic, the variety of which attests to the fact that Saint-Simon dared to write anything . The investigation goes on to demonstrate that the rhetoric of blame contributes to a more significant discourse: in the absence of all other recourse, Saint-Simon views writing as a way to avenge oneself of History. It is in this vein that the importance of reported discourse and the rewriting of History is revealed in the text of Saint-Simon s Memoirs.PARIS4-Bib. électronique (751059905) / SudocSudocFranceF
Simon Kuznets and the Kharkiv higher economic school at the early twentieth century
No full textThe author attempts to put the facts of the Nobelist’s Simon (Semen) Kuznets (1901-1985) Kharkiv period biography in the general context of our information about the Kharkiv Higher School of Economics at the beginning of XX century. We analyze curriculum of the first two courses in the Kharkiv Institute of Commerce, that Simon Kuznets attended during 1918-1921 and to discuss the distinctive features of its leading professors scientific views. Special attention is paid to the academic experience gained by Simon Kuznets in the field of social and economic statistics and economic methodology.В статье приводится попытка поставить факты харьковского периода биографии известного экономиста Нобелевского лауреата Саймона (Семена) Кузнеца (1901-1985) в контекст сведений о харьковской высшей экономической школы нач. ХХ в. Анализируется учебный план первых двух курсов Коммерческого института, который окончил С. Кузнец, особенности научных взглядов ведущих профессоров и преподавателей, курсы которых имел посещать С. Кузнец. Особое внимание уделяется академическому опыту, полученному С. Кузнецом в области социальной и экономической статистики и экономической методологии.У статті надається спроба поставити факти харківського періоду біографії відомого економіста Нобелівського лауреата Саймона (Семена) Кузнеця (1901-1985) у контекст відомостей щодо харківської вищої економічної школи поч. ХХ ст. Аналізується навчальний план перших двох курсів Комерційного інституту, який закінчив С. Кузнець, особливості наукових поглядів провідних професорів і викладачів, курси яких мав відвідувати С. Кузнець. Особливу увагу звертається на академічний досвід, отриманий С. Кузнецом у галузях соціальної та економічної статистики й економічної методології
Voyage de M. E. Simon dans l\u27Afrique australe
No full textSur quarante-deux espèces que M. E. Simon m\u27a données provenant de son voyage au Transvaal et dans la colonie du Cap, vingt-deux se trouvent inédites. Je suis heureux de donner a plusieurs de ces dernières le nom de Ieur aimable detecter. En outre, je me trouve obligé de creer deux nouveaux genres pour classer des individus qui ne peuvent rentrer dans les coupes déjà établies. Le genre Sulydus, pour un petit Braconide, voisin mais bien distinct des Hedylus Marsh. Le genre Menius, ponr un insecte des plus curieux, rappelant les Myzine Latr., mais d\u27un ensemble de formes tout différent. Le Menius aspericornis vient constituer un nonveau chainon a ce groupe peu homogène d\u27Hyménoptères bizarres et peu connus
- …
