1,165 research outputs found
Pesquisa por produção de ttH no LHC
No full textDissertação de Mestrado em Física - Física FundamentalThe recent discovery of a Higgs boson with a mass close to 125 GeV, by
the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the CERN LHC, represented a remarkable
accomplishment of the Standard Model of particle physics. Studying
this newly discovered particle provides insight into the electroweak symmetry
breaking mechanism, by which all fundamental particles acquire mass.
The mass of fermions, in particular, is proportional to the corresponding
Yukawa couplings. The top quark Yukawa coupling is of order unity, much
larger than that of any other fermion. A precise measurement of this parameter
is a stringent test to the validity of the Standard Model. In proton-proton
collisions, such as the ones occuring at the LHC, the production of
a Higgs boson in association with a pair of top quarks (ttH) is the only
process allowing a direct measurement of the top quark Yukawa coupling.
In this thesis, a search for the production of ttH at the LHC is discussed.
In the addressed channel, the Higgs boson decays to bb
(H → bb) and the
decay of the tt system is dileptonic (tt → bbW+W- → bbvvl+l-). An event
reconstruction algorithm is described, along with a large set of new angular
observables: the motivation for the interest in such observables is given, as
well as the instructions for their computation.
Two complementary studies employing the new angular variables are
presented. The first study demonstrates that these observables provide discrimination
between samples of ttH and the irreducible background process
ttbb. In the second study, the observables are tested as discriminants between
ttH and ttA, where A stands for a non-Standard Model pseudoscalar
Higgs boson. When compared to a set of observables suggested for this
purpose found in a literature review, the new angular observables show remarkable
discrimination.A descoberta recente de um bosão de Higgs com uma massa próxima dos
125 GeV, pelas experiências ATLAS e CMS, no LHC, CERN, representou
um feito assinalável do Modelo Padrão da física de partículas. O estudo
desta partícula recentemente descoberta permite compreender o mecanismo
de quebra espontânea de simetria, através do qual todas as partículas fundamentais
obtêm massa. A massa dos fermiões, em particular, e proporcional
aos acoplamentos de Yukawa correspondentes. O acoplamento de Yukawa
do quark top é da ordem de grandeza da unidade, muito maior do que o de
qualquer outro fermião. Uma medida precisa deste parâmetro é um teste
rigoroso à validade do Modelo Padrão. Em colisões protão-protão, tais como
as que ocorrem no LHC, a produção de um bosão de Higgs associado a um
par de quarks top (ttH) é o único processo que permite uma medida directa
do acoplamento de Yukawa do quark top.
Nesta tese, discute-se uma nova estratégia de pesquisa por produção de
ttH no LHC. No canal de decaimento abordado, o bosão de Higgs decai para
bb (H → bb) e o decaimento do sistema tt é dileptónico (tt → bbW+W- → bbvvl+l-). Descreve-se um algoritmo de reconstrução de acontecimentos e
um conjunto extenso de novas observáveis angulares é apresentado: é dada
a motivação para o interesse nessas observáveis, bem como as instruções
para o seu cálculo.
Dois estudos complementares das novas observáveis angulares são apresentados.
O primeiro estudo demonstra que estas observáveis proporcionam
discriminação entre as amostras de ttH e o fundo irredutível ttbb. No segundo
estudo, as observáveis são avaliadas enquanto discriminantes entre
ttH e ttA, onde A representa um bosão de Higgs pseudoescalar, não previsto
no Modelo Padrão. Quando comparadas com um conjunto de observáveis
anteriormente propostas para esse efeito, encontradas numa revisão da literatura,
as novas observáveis exibem discriminação notável.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) - Projects EXP/FIS-NUC/1705/2013; FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-041830 ("Higgs boson studies in ttH associated production at the LHC") and CERN/FISNUC/0005/2015 ("Collaboration in the ATLAS experiment")
Estudo da natureza CP do acoplamento top-Higgs em produção de ttH no LHC
No full textDissertação de Mestrado em Física apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e TecnologiaNo Modelo Padrão (SM), é previsto que o bosão de Higgs seja uma partícula escalar e que suas interações não violem a simetria CP. Após a observação da produção do bosão de Higgs em associação com um par de quarks top (ttH) pelas experiências ATLAS e CMS em 2018, a observação de uma componente ímpar à transformações de carga-paridade (CP) em um dos acoplamentos do bosão de Higgs constituiria uma importante descoberta de física além do SM (BSM). Recentemente, ATLAS e CMS procuraram essa componente em eventos ttH com o Higgs decaindo em dois fotões. No entanto, o acoplamento entre o Higgs e os fotões é induzido por loops e pode ser afetado por efeitos da nova física. Esta tese descreve o estudo da natureza CP do acoplamento de Yukawa do Higgs aos quarks top por meio da análise de eventos ttH no canal de decaimento H→bb, e fornece projeções deste estudo do Run 2 do Large Hadron Collider (LHC) ao LHC de alta luminosidade (HL-LHC). A análise usa dados de colisão protão-protão coletados com o detector ATLAS durante o período do Run 2 do Grande Colisor de Hadrões (LHC) com uma energia de centro de massa de √s=13 TeV e luminosidade integrada total de 139 fb-1. São usados apenas eventos contendo um ou dois leptões no estado final do decaimento do par de quarks top. Em seguida, os eventos são classificados em regiões de acordo com o número de jatos e o número de b-jatos marcados usando ponto de operação (WPs) de 60% and 70%. Várias técnicas multivariadas foram usadas para melhorar a sensibilidade da análise, uma árvore da decisão reforçada (BDT) foi treinada para separar o sinal do fundo e outra para distinguir entre diferentes cenários de CP. Variáveis sensíveis ao CP, incluindo observáveis calculadas no referencial de laboratório e variáveis angulares calculadas em referenciais específicos, foram usadas no ajuste e no treinamento das BDTs.Um ajuste de verossimilhança é executado em todas as regiões de análise para restringir as previsões de fundo e reduzir as incertezas sistemáticas. O valor esperado para o ângulo de mistura CP é obtido desse ajuste. Além disso, uma extrapolação da análise foi realizada nesta tese, a fim de fornecer projeções sobre a medição do ângulo de mistura de CP para o LHC de alta luminosidade (HL-LHC). Foram considerados diferentes cenários para a evolução das incertezas sistemáticas com o aumento esperado da luminosidade. O valor esperado para o ângulo de mistura de CP foi obtido para vários valores diferentes de luminosidade até 3000 fb-1. Com as atuais incertezas sistemáticas, espera-se que a produção de ttH pura CP-ímpar seja excluída com 99.73\% de nível de confiança (CL) apenas no final do projeto HL-LHC. A significância de exclusão CP-ímpar é representada em função da luminosidade para cada um dos cenários considerados, e os efeitos dos vários tipos de incertezas são avaliados.In the Standard Model (SM), the Higgs boson is predicted to be a scalar particle with no CP-violating interactions. After the observation of the Higgs boson production in association with a top quark pair (ttH) by ATLAS and CMS in 2018, the measurement of an odd charge-parity (CP) component in one of the Higgs boson couplings would constitute an important discovery of physics beyond the SM (BSM). Recently, ATLAS and CMS searched for such a component in ttH events with the Higgs decaying into two photons. However, the coupling between the Higgs and the photons is loop-induced and could be modified by effects of new physics. This thesis describes the study of the CP nature of the Higgs Yukawa coupling to the top quarks by analyzing ttH events in the H→bb decay channel, and provides projections of this search from the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Run 2 to the High-Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC). The analysis uses the full Run 2 dataset of proton-proton collision collected with the ATLAS detector at a center-of-mass energy of √s=13 TeV and total integrated luminosity of 139 fb-1. Only events containing either one or two leptons in the final state from the decay of the top quark pair are used in the analysis. Then, the events are classified into regions according to the number of jets and the number of b-tagged jets using the 60% and 70% working points (WPs). Two sets of multivariate classifiers are utilized to improve the analysis sensitivity. One classifier targets the classification of signal against backgrounds and the other targets the separation between different CP scenarios. Several CP sensitive variables, including lab-frame observables and angular variables calculated in specific frames, were used in the training of the BDTs. A profile likelihood fit is performed over all analysis regions to constrain the background predictions and reduce the systematic uncertainties. The expected value for the CP-mixing angle is presented. An extrapolation of the analysis is performed in order to provide projections on the measurement of the CP-mixing angle for the HL-LHC. Different scenarios for the evolution of the systematic uncertainties with the expected increase in the luminosity were considered. The expected value for the CP-mixing angle was obtained for several different values of luminosity up to 3000 fb-1. With the current systematic uncertainties, the pure CP-odd ttH production is expected to be excluded with 99.73% confidence level (CL) only at the end of the HL-LHC project. The CP-odd exclusion significance is represented as a function of the luminosity for each of the scenarios considered, and the effects of the various types of uncertainties are evaluated.Outro - FCT CERN/FIS-PAR/0002/201
Patients with tension-type headaches feel stigmatized
No full textThe author, a sufferer of tension-type headache (TTH), believes that the word "tension" in "tension-type headache" carries a social stigma and that patients do not accept a diagnosis of TTH readily. TTH is the most common primary headache disorder. The disability of TTH as a burden of society is greater than that of migraine. Absenteeism because of TTH is higher than that due to migraine. However, patients with TTH do not go for consultation. Even the prevalence of new daily persistent headache (NDPH) is 12 times higher at the headache clinic than that of chronic TTH (CTTH). These points hint that TTH patients probably do not want to visit the clinic. The author believes that it could be because of the stigma attached to "tension." Herein, the author has noted the first responses given by 50 consecutive patients with TTH when they were told that they had been suffering from TTH. The first answer of 64% of patients with TTH was "I do not have any tension/stress ." This denial is similar to the denial declared by patients with depression. Depression and tension are similar in the sense that both are considered as a signs of personal weakness. Such a preconception in the society creates a stigma, and patients deny the diagnosis, conceal symptoms, and become reluctant to seek help and treatment
Identification of Fungal Community Associated with Deterioration of Optical Observation Instruments of Museums in Northern Vietnam
No full textFungi are the most harmful microorganisms responsible for the deterioration of nonmetallic materials such as glass, polymers, and composites. To date, biological aspects of glass deterioration have been poorly investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the diversity of the fungal community colonizing eyepieces of binoculars collected from museums of the northern provinces of Vietnam and the biodeterioration effects on accurate glass reproductions. A total of 40 isolates belong-ing to 14 genera were identified based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing, morphological features, and maximum likelihood analysis. The most abundant fungal genera included Aspergillus (43.8%) and Penicillium (31.3%). Among those detected, Byssochlamys, Curvularia, Phomopsis, Coprinel-lus, Perenniporia, Talaromyces, Pithomyces, Neopestalotiopsis, Trichoderma, Pleospora, and Humicola were found for the first time. Of the 40 strains tested, 8 strains showed great organic acid production, and the extent of mycelium covered from 33.6 to 46.24%. Specifically, the highest extracellular polymeric substance production was observed in Byssochlamys spectabilis BXMA1-2 (14.96 g/L), Aspergillus niger BXMA5-2 (12.17 g/L), and Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis BMLC1-2 (9.89 g/L). Glass biodeterioration experiments revealed that the light transmission through the fungal-treated glasses was decreased by 30–42.2% as compared to the nontreated glass. In addition, the main alterations resulted from hyphal fingerprints and spots, leading to apparent damage and biocorrosion.Full Tex
Probing Higgs width and top quark Yukawa coupling from ttH and tttt productions
No full textWe demonstrate that four top-quark production is a powerful tool to constrain the top Yukawacoupling. The constraint is robust in the sense that it does not rely on the Higgs boson decay. Taking into account the projection of the ttH production by the ATLAS Collaboration, we obtained a bound on the Higgs boson width, GH <= 2.57G(H)(SM), at the 14 TcV Large Hadron Collider with an integrated luminosity of 300 fb(-1).National Science Foundation of China [11175069, 11275009, 11675002, 11635001, 11422545]SCI(E)ARTICLE59
Explorando nova física no setor de Higgs com os acoplamentos de Yukawa do top: uma busca experimental e fenomenológica
No full textA produção de ttH no LHC permite medir diretamente o acoplamento de Yukawa do quark top, previsto pelo Modelo Padrão (MP) como √2m_t/v ~1. Esta tese mostra como nova física pode fornecer diferentes valores para esse acoplamento para quatro modelos teóricos específicos, dentre diversas possíveis extensões do MP, e usa medidas experimentais para colocar limites no espaço de parâmetro dos modelos. Os primeiros dois são extensões simples do MP e contêm somente férmions vector-like, que compartilham os mesmos números quânticos do setor de quarks top-bottom, levando a misturas entre esses estados. Esses modelos prevêem uma diminuição na seção de choque de ttH e estão atualmente muito limitados por medidas experimentais. Os últimos dois modelos são realizações mínimas de modelos de Higgs composto, baseados na quebra de simetria de SO(5) para SO(4). No setor do top, duas possibilidades são exploradas: ressonâncias fermiônicas na representação fundamental 5 de SO(5) e a representação simétrica 14 de SO(5). Os efeitos desses modelos no processo de produção de ttH e ttHH são apresentados para energia de 14 TeV da fase High Luminosity do LHC, e para futuros colisores de hadrons de alta energia. O trabalho fenomenológico, feito na primeira parte desta tese, mostrou o interesse em se estudar o processo de produção de ttHH além da produção de ttH estudada até o momento. A segunda parte desta tese apresenta resultados da busca experimental da produção de ttHH usando dados de colisões próton-próton correspondendo a uma luminosidade integrada de 41.5/fb gravado pelo experimento CMS para uma energia de centro de massa de 13 TeV no ano de 2017. Essa foi a primeira vez que essa busca foi feita com dados reais. Os candidatos a eventos de ttHH são selecionados baseando-se no critério de realçar ambos os canais de decaimento de léptons mais jatos do sistema tt, e o canal de decaimento do par de bósons de Higgs em dois pares de quark bottom-anti-bottom. Para aumentar a sensibilidade da busca, eventos selecionados são separados em diferentes categorias, em que são esperadas diferentes taxas de eventos de sinal e fundos. Um ajuste combidado, de templates de análise discriminante multivariada, aos dados, através de todas as diferentes categorias é feito para extrair os resultados. O valor obtido para a intensidade do sinal de ttHH, relativo à seção de choque do MP, μ=σ/σ_SM, para essa assinatura específica, é: 4.9-12.8+14.4, obtida após o ajuste aos dados coletados pelo CMS. A estrutura detalhada da análise desenvolvida aqui servirá para uma futura análise com dados coletados durante todo o período (Run 2) do LHC, referente aos anos de 2016 a 2018, correspondendo a uma luminosidade total integrada de 140/fb, a 13 TeV no LHC. Esse valor é cerca de 3 vezes maior que a luminosidade usada na presente análise e corresponde ao maior volume de dados coletados até o momento no LHC. Isso pode permitir a extração preliminar de um sinal de ttHH. Esse trabalho continuará com dados a serem coletados em Runs futuras do LHC (Run 3) e no High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC).The ttH production at the LHC allows the direct measurement of the top-Higgs Yukawa coupling, predicted by the Standard Model (SM) to be √2m_t/v ~1. This thesis shows how new physics can provide different values of this coupling in four specific theoretical models within extensions of the SM and uses experimental measurements to constrain the parameter space of such models. The first two are simple extensions of the SM containing only vector-like fermions that share the same quantum numbers of the top-bottom quark sector, leading to mixing between these states. These models predict a decrease in the ttH cross sections and are currently very constrained by experimental measurements. The last two models are minimal realizations of composite Higgs models, based on the symmetry breaking pattern SO(5) to SO(4). In the top sector, two possibilities are considered: fermion resonances in the fundamental 5 representation of SO(5) and in the symmetric 14 representation. The effects of these models on the ttH and ttHH production processes are presented for the 14 TeV High Luminosity phase of the LHC, and future high energy hadron colliders. The phenomenological work carried out in the first part of this thesis work led to pointing the interest of the ttHH production process in addition to the ttH production studied so far. The second part of this thesis also presents results of the experimental search for the production of ttHH using proton-proton collision data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 41.5/fb recorded with the CMS experiment at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV in the year 2017. This is the first time this search is performed with real data. The candidate ttHH events are selected with criteria enhancing the lepton plus jets decay channels of the tt system and the decay of the double Higgs bosons into two bottom quark-antiquark pairs. In order to increase the sensitivity of the search, selected events are split into several categories with different expected signal and background rates. A combined fit of multivariate discriminant templates across all categories to data is performed to extract the result. The achieved value of the ttHH signal strength relative to the standard model cross section, μ=σ/σ_SM, for this specific signature is: 4.9-12.8+14.4, after a fit to CMS data. The detailed analysis framework developed will serve for the analysis with the data running period (Run 2) from 2016 to 2018 with a total integrated luminosity of about 140/fb at 13 TeV at LHC. This is about 3 times more luminosity than what is used in this analysis. It corresponds to the largest amount of data collected so far at LHC. This could allow extracting a preliminary ttHH signal. This work will be carried on with data also to be collected in future Runs of the LHC (Run 3) and at the High Luminosity LHC (HL-LHC).Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP: 2015/26624-6FAPESP: 2018/11505-0CAPES: 88887.116917/2016-0
Recherche du boson de Higgs dans le canal ttH (H->bb) avec l'experience ATLAS auprès du LHC avec des méthodes d'apprentissage automatique et synchonisation de la description de la géométrie de l'ITk pour la simulation et les études de radiation de la jouvence d'ATLAS pour le HL-LHC
No full textLa mesure du couplage de Yukawa entre le boson de Higgs et le quark top, beaucoup plus fort que celui des autres quarks, permet de tester le Modèle Standard. La production associée d’un boson de Higgs et d’une paire de quarks top (ttH) en permet une mesure directe. Cette thèse documente une recherche d’événements ttH dans le canal H->bb dans les données collectées avec le détecteur ATLAS auprès du LHC durant le Run 2. Les nombreux jets et b-jets dans l’état final nécessitent l’utilisation de techniques avancées. Les grandes incertitudes théoriques sur les bruits de fond tt ont un impact majeur sur la sensibilité.Cette thèse étudie des méthodes d'apprentissage automatique pour améliorer l'analyse ttH(Hbb). Des arbres de décision boostés sont utilisés pour résoudre l’association entre les jets et les partons du signal ttH, puis pour distinguer ttH de tt. La significance observée de la présence de ttH en plus du bruit de fond est 1,4 déviations standard. Différentes techniques d’apprentissage profond ont depuis été explorées pour analyser l’ensemble des données du Run 2 : réseau de neurones récurrent (RNN) pour résoudre simultanément la reconstruction et la classification; réseau profond intégrant des connaissances de physique en plus d'informations de base; RNN multi-catégories pour classer les événements; réseaux antagonistes pour réduire les incertitudes de modélisation de tt.Pour le High-Luminosity LHC; au milieu des années 2020, ATLAS aura un nouveau trajectographe. L’auteure a contribué à la synchronisation des géométries utilisées dans la simulation du détecteur et les études de radiation, étape importante pour valider les estimations de radiation.The Higgs-top coupling (top Yukawa coupling) measurement can further test the standardmodel, being much stronger than the ones for the other quarks. The associated production of aHiggs boson with a top quark pair (ttH) allows to do a direct measurement. With the ATLASdetector at the LHC, this thesis presents a search for ttH in the H->bb decay mode, rarelyproduced compared with the tt backgrounds. Both processes have final states with multiple jetsand b-jets making the analysis heavily relying on advanced techniques. The large tt modelinguncertainties are a driving factor of the sensitivity.This thesis searches to increase the ttH (H->bb) sensitivity by exploring machine learningmethods. Using early Run 2 data, boosted decision trees are exploited to firstly solve the jet-parton assignment in the reconstruction of the ttH signal, and in a second step classify ttH andtt. The observed significance under the background only hypothesis is 1.4 standard deviations.Targeting a contribution to the analysis round using full Run 2 data, deep learningtechniques are explored: recurrent neural networks as binary classifier solving reconstructionand classification in one step, physics-expertise-aware deep neural networks exploiting rawfeatures, RNN-based multi-classifier for event categorization, and adversarial neural networkaimed to decrease the tt modeling uncertainty.Coping with the new LHC phase starting in mid-2020’s, ATLAS will be upgradedto have a new inner tracker. The author contributes to synchronize its geometry descriptionsindependently implemented and used by simulation and radiation studies, which is importantto validate a radiation estimation
Migrânea e cefaleia do tipo tensional: alguns aspectos históricos
Get PDFThe primary headaches are routinely present in today\u27s society, among the main representatives are tension-type headache (TTH) and migraine. We reviewed a few historical aspects about primary headaches.As cefaleias primárias estão presentes corriqueiramente na sociedade atual, entre elas as principais representantes são a cefaleia do tipo tensional (CTT) e a migrânea. Fazemos uma breve revisão dos aspectos históricos relacionados com o estudo das cefaleias
Recherche du Boson de Higgs dans le canal ttH(H->bb) et l'identification des jets contenant deux Hadrons B avec l'experience ATLAS.
No full textObserving the Higgs boson production in association with a pair of top quarks (ttH)would allow a direct measurement of the top quark Yukawa coupling and provides animportant test of the Higgs mechanism within the SM. This thesis presents a searchfor the Higgs boson in the ttH(H->bb) channel using proton-proton collisions at13 TeV, collected with the ATLAS detector in 2015 and 2016. The Higgs boson decays to two b quarks and top quark pair decays with one lepton, the ttH->(lνb)(jjb)(bb)single lepton channel, are considered.This document details in particular the contributions made by the author in thissearch: the full reconstruction of the ttH(H->bb) single lepton system and the final discrimination between signal and the main background, tt +jets. A new methodwas developed to solve the large combinatorial background by fully reconstructing thettH(H->bb) final state using a multivariate technique to uniquely associate each reconstructed jets to the initial quarks. A multivariate technique was also used to discriminatebetween the signal and the main tt+jets background further increasing the sensitivityof the search compared to the Run 1 analysis. Finally, the first result at 13 TeV isshown. The signal strength (the ratio between the measured and predicted cross sections) is found to be 1.6 ± 1.1. No significant excess of events above the backgroundexpectation is found and an observed (expected) limit of 3.6 (2.2) is set at 95% confidence level.ResumeEn juillet 2012, le CERN a annoncé la découverte du boson de Higgs qui est la dernière particule manquante du Modèle Standard. Le boson de Higgs observé montre un couplage directe au bosons W, Z et au lepton tau et indirect au quark top. Afin de vérifier s’il s’agit bien du boson de Higgs du Modèle Standard ou d’un modèle alternatif, les couplages directs du boson de Higgs au quarks doivent également être mesurés et comparés aux prédictions du Modèle Standard.La recherche du boson de Higgs produit en association avec une paire de quarks top (t ̄tH) est le seul moyen pour accéder directement au couplage de Yukawa du boson de Higgs au quark top. Cette measure fournit un test important du mécanisme de Higgs dans le Modèle Standard. Cette thèse présente une recherche du boson de Higgs dans le canal t ̄tH (H→b ̄b), en utilisant les données de collisions proton-proton à √s= 13TeV, collectées avec le détecteur ATLAS en 2015 et 2016. Le canal considéré est t ̄tH(H→(lνb)(jjb)(b ̄b), le boson de Higgs se désintégrant en deux quarks b et l’un des quarks top se désintégrant avec en lepton
Smoke-free environment policy in Vietnam: What did people see and how did they react when they visited various public places?
No full textIntroduction. Since Vietnam has signed WHO framework on tobacco control (FCTC) in 2003 and has issued tobacco control law in 2013, there has been little research concerning about what impacts smoke-free regulations have had on public compliance. The objective of this study was to assess public exposure to secondhand smoke and reaction toward smoke-free policy regulations in Vietnam and the associated factor. Methods. Using the design of GATS (Global Adult Tobacco Survey), a nationally representative sample of 8,996 adults were approached for data collection. Logistic regression was used to examine the associated factor. Results. The study revealed that the prevalence of respondents exposed to secondhand smoke was much higher in bars/café/tea shops (90.07%) and restaurants (81.81%) than in any other public places, universities (36.70%), government buildings (31.12%), public transport (20.04%), healthcare facilities (17.85%) and schools (15.84%). 13.23% of respondents saw smokers violate smoke-free regulations. Among those who saw them violate smoke-free regulations, just onethird cautioned them to stop smoking. Strikingly, a higher rate of cautioning smokers to stop smoking was observed among the older, married, and better educated respondents. Respondents who were married, better educated and in lower economic status were more likely to remind smokers to stop smoking. Conclusions. The study has called for strengthening two of the six MPOWER (Monitor, Protect, Offer, Warn, Enforce and Raise) components of the tobacco free initiative introduced by WHO, Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies and Protecting people from tobacco smoke.No Full Tex
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