1,721,044 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Chemokine microenvironment in primary central nervous system lymphoma
Full text linkPrimary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are aggressive extranodal malignancies confined to the central nervous system (CNS), mostly of diffuse large B cell histotype. Despite improved understanding of the malignant B cells, little is known on the tumor microenvironment and on the response of the adaptive immunity against PCNSL. The majority of B-cell lymphomas, including PCNSL originate from germinal center (GC) B cells. The GC is the main source of memory B cells and plasma cell generation, which produce high affinity antibodies and are necessary to protect us against invading microorganisms. However, the beneficial role of GC B cells in immunity is counterbalanced by their detrimental role in lymphomagenesis. Germinal center B cells express a distinct set of chemokine receptors, which regulate their migration and positioning during and after germinal center reaction. Similar to centrocytes and centroblasts, malignant B cells derived from germinal centers can retain a particular set of chemokine receptors, which allows them to respond to their cognate ligands expressed in the microenvironment. Therefore investigation of lymphocyte chemoattractants in secondary lymphoid organs as well as in extranodal lymphomas does not only improve our understanding of B cell trafficking within secondary lymphoid organs, but also helps us understanding tumor cell distribution and dissemination of malignant B cells as well as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Gene expression analysis has previously shown, that malignant B cells in PCNSL resemble late germinal center B cells and express classical B cell chemokine receptors. This work focuses on the chemokine microenvironment and the potential role of bystander cells in PCNSL and their effects on malignant B cells as well as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. The project includes four major sections: 1. Analysis of the expression of B cell attracting chemokines under normal and inflammatory conditions in human secondary lymphoid organs. 2. Analysis of T and B cell attracting chemokines in extranodal CNS lymphomas, 3. Analysis of type, density and localization of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in PCNSL, 4. Analysis of the effect of coexpressed chemokines in PCNSL on the migratory responses of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and malignant B cells. We show by immunhistochemistry and in-situ hybridization, that there is a specific expression pattern of homeostatically expressed chemokines CXCL12, CXCL13 and CCL21 in normal, non-inflamed human secondary lymphoid organs. Under inflammatory conditions, the expression pattern of macrophage- derived CXCL12 and follicular dendritic cell- derived CXCL13 within the germinal center changes significantly. Within the germinal center, macrophage-derived CXCL12 and follicular dendritic cell-derived CXCL13 build a meshwork in which germinal center B cells reside. While CXCL13 shows a clear gradient between the dark and the light zone of the germinal center in human secondary lymphoid tissue, we could not detect a clear gradient for CXCL12 between the two zones. Analysis of CXCL12 and CXCL13 in primary central nervous system lymphoma showed an expression pattern similar to the one in germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs. In addition, we identified a fraction of CXCL13-expressing lymphocytes in PCNSL. CXCL13-expression is a hallmark of germinal center T cells known as follicular T helper cells (TFH), which provide help to germinal center B cells. Yet, the majority of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in PCNSL are CD8+ T cells, which show Granzyme B activity and vigorous proliferation. Tumor infiltrating CD8+ T cells show a higher frequency in the perivascular areas of small and intermediate vessels in PCNSL. They accumulate in areas with high expression of the inflammatory chemokine CXCL9. Perivascular CXCL9 is upregulated by perivascular macrophages and pericytes under inflammatory conditions in the CNS, indicating an important role for pericytes and perivascular macrophages in the recruitment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Moreover, CXCL9 and CXCL12 are coexpressed on the tumor vasculature within PCNSL and can form heterocomplexes. Our in-vitro experiments show, that in the presence of CXCL9, CXCL12-induced migration is enhanced not only on CXCR4+/CXCR3+/CD8+ T cells but also on CXCR4+/CXCR3- malignant B cells. Our findings indicate, that malignant B cells in PCNSL may encounter a germinal-center like chemokine environment, which traps malignant B cells within the CNS. In addition, our results reveal the presence of a strong chemoattractant stimulus in the perivascular microenvironment, which might serve as regulator for the recruitment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and for the angiocentric positioning of malignant B cells in the perivascular cuff
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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