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Растителните мотиви и свещените ритуали на траките във връзка с вярата в бог Хипнос
Get PDFПредставата за растителния свят при траките като част от култовата практика е сравнително по-малко проучвана. Всъщност цялата философия на орфизма и херметизма е пропита в практическото земеделието. И затова не трябва да се разглежда изолирано от свещените ритуали, посветени на боговете. Всеизвестен е култът към гроздето и виното и връзката им с дионисиевите празници. Но тайните на вакхическите церемонни се крие в състава на т.нар. "сома", която вероятно е тип халюциногенно вещество. От растение с бели ароматни цветове се произвеждал елексир за навлизане в екстатично състоявие, известен във ведическите ритуали. Сома е името на приготвяната течност, но и името на божество. Ариите описват този ритуал като свързан със земеделието. В тази връзка можем да намерим артефакти в България от тракийската култура, които не са били осветени поради невъзможността да се свържат с култа към второстепенното божество Хипнос. По време на Елевсинските мистерии, където се извършвал обред с жито и ечемик, се е използвала напитка, която е съдържала т.нар. "медена роса" или извлек от упойващ растителен агент. Целта на обредите със сома е била постигане на безсмъртие. Вертикалната култура на траките, която е посветена на връзката с боговете и техния съвършен свят превръща всяка селскостопанска дейност в специално сакрално пространство.The idea of the plant world of the Thracians as part of the cult practice is relatively less studied. In fact, the whole philosophy of Orphism and Hermeticism is imbued with practical agriculture. Therefore, it should not be viewed in isolation from the sacred rituals dedicated to the gods. The cult of grapes and wine and their connection with the Dionysian holidays is well known. But the secrets of the Bacchic ceremonies lie in the composition of the so-called. "Soma", which is probably a type of hallucinogenic substance. An ecstatic elixir known in Vedic rituals was made from a plant with white aromatic flowers. Soma is the name of the liquid prepared, but also the name of a deity. The Aryans describe this ritual as related to agriculture. In this regard, we can find artifacts in Bulgaria from the Thracian culture, which were not illuminated due to the inability to connect with the cult of the minor deity Hypnos. During the Eleusinian Mysteries, where a ritual with wheat and barley was performed, a drink was used, which contained the so-called "honeydew" or an extract of an intoxicating plant agent. The purpose of Soma rituals was to achieve immortality. The vertical culture of the Thracians, which is dedicated to the connection with the gods and their perfect world, turns every agricultural activity into a special sacred space
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Transkriptionelle Regulation der Genexpression des humanen Plasminogen-Activator Inhibitor-1 durch Insulin-like Growth Factor-1, Insulin und Upstream Stimulatory Factor-2
No full textPAI-1 hemmt die Umwandlung des Proenzyms Plasminogen in die aktive Protease Plasmin und moduliert proteolytische Prozesse, die mit prethrombotischen Ereignissen, Thrombose und Hypoxie assoziiert sind. Da Insulin-resistente Stadien durch eine Erhöhung des PAI-1 Spiegels charakterisiert sind haben wir die Mechanismen untersucht, welche die IGF-1- und Insulin-abhängige PAI-1- Induktion in HepG2-Zellen vermitteln. Behandlung der HepG2-Zellen mit IGF-1 und Insulin führte zu einer Erhöhung der PAI-1-mRNA, Proteinexpression und PAI-1 Promotor-Luciferase-Konstrukt Aktivität. Die Mutation des Hypoxie-responsiven Elements (HRE), welches den Hypoxie-induzierbaren Faktor-1 (HIF-1) binden kann, hat die IGF-1- und Insulin-abhängige PAI-1-Promotor-Aktivität fast vollständig aufgehoben. Mutationen von E4 und E5 hatten keinen Einfluss auf die IGF-1-abhängige Induktion des PAI-1-Promotor-Konstrukts unter Normoxie; unter Hypoxie wurde der Einfluss von IGF-1 jedoch vollständig aufgehoben. Wir fanden, dass die IGF-1-induzierte PAI-1-Expression mit der Aktivierung von HIF-1 alpha verbunden war. Außerdem erhöhte IGF-1 die HIF-1 alpha-Proteinspiegel und die HIF-1 alpha-DNA-Bindung an das HRE und an die E-Boxen E4 und E5. Die Hemmung der PI(3)K durch LY294002 oder der ERK1/2 durch U0126 reduzierte die HIF-1 alpha-Proteinspiegel, während beide Inhibitoren zusammen den IGF-1 Effekt auf HIF-1 alpha vollständig aufhoben. Transfektionen in HepG2-Zellen mit dominant-negative PDK1 oder TRB3, dass Akt/PKB hemmt, hatte keinen Einfluss, während dominant-negatives Raf-1 den IGF-1 Effekt auf HIF-1 alpha wiederum vollständig aufhob. Somit aktiviert IGF-1 die humane PAI-1- Genexpression durch die Aktivierung der PI(3)K und ERK1/2. Durch spezifische PI(3)K Inhibitoren war die Insulin-abhängige Steigerung der HIF-1 alpha-Proteinspiegel unter Normoxie inhibiert. Ausserdem reduzierte die Überexpression der dominant-negative PDK1 als auch TRB3 die basalen HIF-1 alpha-Proteinspiegel, aber sie zeigten keinen Einfluss auf die Insulin-induzierten HIF-1 alpha- Proteinspiegel. Somit scheint die PAI-1-Expression im Falle von Insulin hauptsächlich über den MAPK Signalweg stattzufinden. Zusätzlich zu HIF-1 wurde die humane PAI-1-Expression über HRE, E4 und E5 induziert durch USF-2. EMSAs zeigten, dass E5 und E4 an USF´s binden und obwohl das HRE zur USF-abhängigen Regulation des PAI-1-Gens beigetragen hat, fand hier keine Bindung statt. Im Gegensatz dazu inhibierte USF-2 die PAI-1-Promotor-Aktivität in primären Rattenhepatocyten, was darauf schliessen lässt, dass die PAI-1- Expression entweder vom Promotor-Kontext oder von der Aktivität von USF, welche zellspezifisch zu sein scheint, abhängig ist. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass IGF-1, Insulin und selbst die Hypoxie-aktivierte PAI-1-Expression durch die Aktivierung der PI(3)K und den MAPK Signalweg über HIF-1 verläuft. Weiterhin wurde eine differenzierte USF-vermittelte Regulation des PAI-1-Gens beschrieben, die eine Zelltyp-spezifische Regulation aufweist.PAI-1 inhibits conversion of the proenzyme plasminogen to the active protease plasmin and modulates proteolytic processes associated with pathophysiological conditions such as prethrombotic events, hemorrhage and thrombus formations which are positively correlated with increased PAI-1 plasma levels and hypoxic conditions. Insulin-resistant states are characterized by enhanced PAI-1 levels. We investigated the mechanisms that mediate IGF-1- and insulin-dependent induction of PAI-1 transcription in human HepG2 hepatoma cells. Treatment of HepG2 cells with IGF-1 and insulin enhanced PAI-1 mRNA, protein expression and PAI-1 promoter-Luc reporter activity. We found that mutation of the hypoxia-responsive element (HRE), a target for HIF-1, nearly abolished the IGF-1- and insulin-dependent PAI-1 promoter activity. Mutation of E4 and E5 did not affect the IGF-1-dependent induction of PAI-1 promoter constructs under normoxia but abolished the effect of IGF-1 under hypoxia. We found that IGF-1-induced up-regulation of PAI-1 expression was associated with activation of HIF-1 alpha. IGF-1 enhanced HIF-1 alpha protein levels and HIF-1 DNA-binding to each HRE, and E-boxes E4 and E5 as shown by EMSAs. Inhibition of either PI(3)K by LY294002 or ERK1/2 by U0126 reduced HIF-1 alpha protein levels while both inhibitors together completely abolished the IGF-1 effect on HIF-alpha. Expression of a dominant-negative Raf inhibited the IGF-1 effect on HIF-1-alpha while no effect was observed by using dominant-negative PDK1, or TRB3 which inhibits Akt/PKB activation. Thus, IGF-1 activates human PAI-1 expression through activation of the PI(3)K and ERK1/2. The insulin-induced enhancement of HIF-1 alpha protein levels by specific PI(3)K inhibitors was inhibited under normoxia and only slightly reduced under hypoxia. The overexpression of dominant negative PDK1 as well as TRB3 reduced the basal HIF-1 alpha protein levels but did not influence the insulin-induced HIF-1 alpha protein levels. Thus, in the case of insulin, activation of PAI-1 expression occurred mainly via the MAPK pathway. In addition to HIF-1, USF-2 can induce human PAI-1 gene expression as well via HRE, E4 and E5. EMSAs showed that E5 and E4 bound USFs and although the HRE contributed to the USF-dependent regulation of the human PAI-1 gene, it did not bind them. By contrast, USF-2 inhibited PAI-1 promoter activity in primary rat hepatocytes suggesting that PAI-1 expression depends on either the promoter context or the activity of USF which might be cell-type specific. We found that the different effects of USF on PAI-1 expression depend on the cell-type rather than the promoter context and that the USR domain of USF accounts for the observed effects. Together, we have shown that IGF-1, insulin and even hypoxia activate human PAI-1 expression through activation of the PI(3)Kinase and MAPK signaling cascade via HIF-1 binding to HRE. We described a different USF-mediated regulation of the PAI-1 gene in hepatoma cells and primary rat hepatocytes showing a cell-type-dependent regulation
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Unraveling the shared and unique pathomechanisms of Joubert genes in zebrafish knockout mutants
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