8 research outputs found
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER IN THE ŠTIP AQUIFER WITH APPLICATION OF GOD METHOD
No full textThe creation of vulnerability maps for potential aquifer pollution is widely used in developed countries and is a basic tool for ground water protection. This paper presents the assessment of the vulnerability from pollution of ground water in the Štip aquifer, with the help of GOD method, where are used three parameters: Type of aquifer, lithology of the unsaturated zone and depth of ground water. The data for the three parameters are obtained from the geological-hydrogeological profiles of 22 exploitation wells and exploration boreholes. Analyzing the three parameters a GOD-index value was obtained in the range of < 0.4–0.5, which corresponds to the medium vulnerability class and a value > 0.5, which corresponds to the high vulnerability class
PDIA in the Balkans: The Western Balkans Alumni Association (WBAA) as Positive Deviance: EU Enlargement and Regional Cohesion
No full textThis chapter aims to portray why and how WBAA, as an organism, organization, entity, agent, actor, network, … produces emergent effects as a regional entity is a Positive Deviance, as recognized in theory, and more specifically within the Problem Driven Iterative Adaptation by Harvard’s Center for International Development. Positive Deviance is one of the core principles in the PDIA strategy—by “creating (and protecting) environments within and across organizations that encourage experimentation and positive deviance.” First we will briefly elaborate on PDIA and its concepts and describe and encode the distinctiveness of WBAA arguing why and how it is a positive deviance for our Balkans. The expected outcome: to inspire leaders, institutions, CSOs, citizens, academia, … to take the regional approach, moves beyond the silos of a country/domain, has functional bridges with developed countries (for knowhow, funding, coopetition, alignment), and shows “how” coopetition within Western Balkans is to be done. If volunteers can do it, others can surely follow. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY FOR IRRIGATION IN THE KARST AREA OF THE RIVER BASIN OF SLATINSKA REKA
No full textThis study used available hydrochemistry data to determine the suitability of water bodies in the lower karst area in the river basin of Slatinska Reka for irrigation. Surface rivers Krušeska Reka, Markoska Reka (two points), and Slatinska Reka, as well as the springs Slatinski Izvor and Solenica, were observed between December 2011 and November 2013, and water samples were taken from each point. Irrigation quality parameters, such as Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium Percentage (Na%), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), Kelly Ratio (KR), and Total Hardness (TH), were analyzed for suitability for irrigation. All analyzed parameters pointed out that surface rivers and the karst spring Slatinski Izvor were suitable for irrigation, whereas most of the water samples taken from the Solenica spring were not suitable for irrigation purposes. Also, the Solenica spring downstream of Markoska Reka influenced the irrigation properties of the river water, especially during the low waters. The process of karstification had a significant impact on the chemical composition of the water in the basin. 
Concept, validity and enforcement of the precontract
No full textSažetak: Rad obrađuje institut predugovora kao pravni posao koji prethodi zaključenju redovnog, odnosno glavnog ugovora. Osnova rada je pozitivnopravno rešenje predugovora iz čl. 45 Zakona o obligacionim odnosima. Analiza se međutim proširuje do okvira predugovora kao instituta iz opšteg dela ugovornog prava. Na tom terenu autor teži ka definisanju teorijskog pojma predugovora. Komparativna rešenja kontinentalno-pravnih tradicija, odnosno nemačko, francusko, švajcarsko, austrijsko i italijansko pravo, predstavljaju pritom dragocenu građu za teorijsko koncipiranje pojma predugovora u srpskom pravu. Obrada pozitivnopravnog rešenja predugovora je do određene tačke analitička, a potom se nadovezuju de lege ferenda stavovi autora. Krajnji je cilj da u predvečerje donošenja srpske građanskopravne kodifikacije takvi stavovi pomognu srpskom zakonodavcu pri uređenju obligacionopravnih odnosa koji prethode (glavnom) ugovoru. Autor u tekstu razvija dva pojma predugovora, odnosno uži pojam, za koji vezuje predugovor iz čl. 45 ZOO-a, i širi pojam pod koji svrstava sve ostale pravne poslove koji prethode zaključenju glavnog ugovora, koji stvaraju nove obaveze (pored eventualno postojeće zakonske obaveze), a koji su u službi budućeg zaključenja glavnog ugovora. Stvaranje pomenutih pravnih obaveza je i primarni cilj pravnih dejstava predugovora. Na stvaranje i izvršenje, odnosno na sankcije kroz koje se predugovor izvršava utiče njegova koncepcijska postavka, odnosno pojmovna definisanost. Međutim i pravna dejstva definišu sam pojam. Uticaj je u oba pravca. U cilju pojmovnog utvrđivanja predugovora autor analizira i granične institute kao što su pregovori, fiksna ponuda, ugovor pod uslovom i opcioni ugovor. Analiza obuhvata i komparativna rešenja kao što su npr. nemačka ponovna kupovina (Wiederkauf) ili francuski preferencijalni ugovor (Pacte de préférence). Na kraju teze autor analizira moguće načine izvršenja predugovora i, ponovo, uticaj instrumenata za izvršenje na sam njegov pojam. Posebna se pažnja skreće na neuralgične tačke pri primeni postojećeg pozitivnopravnog rešenja u pravnom prometu. U izgradnji de lege ferenda stava po pitanju načina izvršenja predugovora vredno pažnje je i zakonsko rešenje iz jugoslovenskog predratnog Zakona o izvršenju i obezbeđenju iz 1930. godine.The text elaborates the civil law institute of Precontract as a legal act which precedes the conclusion of the (main) contract. The basis for this thesis is the solution presented in Art. 45 from the Serbian Code of Obligations. The analysis is, however, widened to the theoretical border of the Precontract as a legal institute within the general terms of the law of obligations. Comparative solutions which are part of the continental law traditions, as German, French, Swiss, Austrian and Italian law are at the same time of precious help as sources for theoretical construction of the concept of Precontract in Serbian law.Presenting the positive law solution of Precontract in detail is up to one certain point analytical and after that point it follows the autor’s de lege ferenda views. The main goal is to use these views as an aid to the Serbian lawmaker, at the time of enacting the new Serbian Civil law Code, in the field of determinating the relationships regarding the obligations which precede the concluding of the (main) contract. In the text, the author develops two concepts of Precontract. The first and narrowed concept includes only the positive law solution from Art. 45 Code of Obligations. On the other hand the wider concept comprises all legal acts preceding the conclusion of the main contract which establish new obligations (besides the statutory existing by the Code of Obligations) in service of concluding the future main contract. Their establishment is actually the main goal of the legal effects of the precontract. The sole concept of Precontract affects the establishment and the enforcement or rather the sanctions through which the contract will be enforced. Still the legal effects affect the concept as well. The influence is mutual. With a goal of conceptional determination of the Precontract, the author analyses the bordering institutes in regards to the Precontract such as negotiations, fixed proposals for concluding a contract, contracts under condition and optional contracts. In the analysis, the author includes comparative solutions, for example the German repurchase (Wiederkauf) or the French priority agreement (Pacte de préférence). One part of the text is dedicated to the comparison of the precontract with the concept of punctations, framework agreement and partial agreement.Ultimately, the author analyses the possible ways of enforcing the precontract and again the effects of the instruments for its enforcement on the theoretical concept. The focus is put on the difficulties for the application of the current positive solution in the legal communication. In order to develop the de lege ferenda view, it is crucial to take into consideration the solution from the Yugoslavian Act of Enforcement and Security from the time before WW2 (year 1930)
Concept, validity and enforcement of the precontract
No full textSažetak: Rad obrađuje institut predugovora kao pravni posao koji prethodi zaključenju redovnog, odnosno glavnog ugovora. Osnova rada je pozitivnopravno rešenje predugovora iz čl. 45 Zakona o obligacionim odnosima. Analiza se međutim proširuje do okvira predugovora kao instituta iz opšteg dela ugovornog prava. Na tom terenu autor teži ka definisanju teorijskog pojma predugovora. Komparativna rešenja kontinentalno-pravnih tradicija, odnosno nemačko, francusko, švajcarsko, austrijsko i italijansko pravo, predstavljaju pritom dragocenu građu za teorijsko koncipiranje pojma predugovora u srpskom pravu. Obrada pozitivnopravnog rešenja predugovora je do određene tačke analitička, a potom se nadovezuju de lege ferenda stavovi autora. Krajnji je cilj da u predvečerje donošenja srpske građanskopravne kodifikacije takvi stavovi pomognu srpskom zakonodavcu pri uređenju obligacionopravnih odnosa koji prethode (glavnom) ugovoru. Autor u tekstu razvija dva pojma predugovora, odnosno uži pojam, za koji vezuje predugovor iz čl. 45 ZOO-a, i širi pojam pod koji svrstava sve ostale pravne poslove koji prethode zaključenju glavnog ugovora, koji stvaraju nove obaveze (pored eventualno postojeće zakonske obaveze), a koji su u službi budućeg zaključenja glavnog ugovora. Stvaranje pomenutih pravnih obaveza je i primarni cilj pravnih dejstava predugovora. Na stvaranje i izvršenje, odnosno na sankcije kroz koje se predugovor izvršava utiče njegova koncepcijska postavka, odnosno pojmovna definisanost. Međutim i pravna dejstva definišu sam pojam. Uticaj je u oba pravca. U cilju pojmovnog utvrđivanja predugovora autor analizira i granične institute kao što su pregovori, fiksna ponuda, ugovor pod uslovom i opcioni ugovor. Analiza obuhvata i komparativna rešenja kao što su npr. nemačka ponovna kupovina (Wiederkauf) ili francuski preferencijalni ugovor (Pacte de préférence). Na kraju teze autor analizira moguće načine izvršenja predugovora i, ponovo, uticaj instrumenata za izvršenje na sam njegov pojam. Posebna se pažnja skreće na neuralgične tačke pri primeni postojećeg pozitivnopravnog rešenja u pravnom prometu. U izgradnji de lege ferenda stava po pitanju načina izvršenja predugovora vredno pažnje je i zakonsko rešenje iz jugoslovenskog predratnog Zakona o izvršenju i obezbeđenju iz 1930. godine.The text elaborates the civil law institute of Precontract as a legal act which precedes the conclusion of the (main) contract. The basis for this thesis is the solution presented in Art. 45 from the Serbian Code of Obligations. The analysis is, however, widened to the theoretical border of the Precontract as a legal institute within the general terms of the law of obligations. Comparative solutions which are part of the continental law traditions, as German, French, Swiss, Austrian and Italian law are at the same time of precious help as sources for theoretical construction of the concept of Precontract in Serbian law.Presenting the positive law solution of Precontract in detail is up to one certain point analytical and after that point it follows the autor’s de lege ferenda views. The main goal is to use these views as an aid to the Serbian lawmaker, at the time of enacting the new Serbian Civil law Code, in the field of determinating the relationships regarding the obligations which precede the concluding of the (main) contract. In the text, the author develops two concepts of Precontract. The first and narrowed concept includes only the positive law solution from Art. 45 Code of Obligations. On the other hand the wider concept comprises all legal acts preceding the conclusion of the main contract which establish new obligations (besides the statutory existing by the Code of Obligations) in service of concluding the future main contract. Their establishment is actually the main goal of the legal effects of the precontract. The sole concept of Precontract affects the establishment and the enforcement or rather the sanctions through which the contract will be enforced. Still the legal effects affect the concept as well. The influence is mutual. With a goal of conceptional determination of the Precontract, the author analyses the bordering institutes in regards to the Precontract such as negotiations, fixed proposals for concluding a contract, contracts under condition and optional contracts. In the analysis, the author includes comparative solutions, for example the German repurchase (Wiederkauf) or the French priority agreement (Pacte de préférence). One part of the text is dedicated to the comparison of the precontract with the concept of punctations, framework agreement and partial agreement.Ultimately, the author analyses the possible ways of enforcing the precontract and again the effects of the instruments for its enforcement on the theoretical concept. The focus is put on the difficulties for the application of the current positive solution in the legal communication. In order to develop the de lege ferenda view, it is crucial to take into consideration the solution from the Yugoslavian Act of Enforcement and Security from the time before WW2 (year 1930)
Gjorgji Gjokikj, Marija Sholjakova, Aco Dimov. Thermal injuries. Skopje: Makedonska riznica; 2008. 263 pages; ISBN 978-9989-192-07-4; price: MKD 1500
No full textDEVELOPMENT OF MULTI-CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTION OF GEOSITES FOR THE POTENTIAL GEOPARK “KRATOVO-ZLETOVO”
No full textThis study examines and applies a multi-criteria evaluation framework to assess micro-geological sites within the Kratovo-Zletovo region and to identify priority localities for prospective designation as part of UNESCO Global Geopark. The Kratovo–Zletovo region in northeastern North Macedonia is a compact but vibrant patchwork of geological, cultural, and mining heritage that has been proposed repeatedly as the country’s first geopark by Leptikova et al. 2019 [1]. The area’s preserved volcanic landforms, mineral deposits, and traditional towns (most notably Kratovo) create an excellent case for a protected geopark that links earth-science values with local history, education, and sustainable tourism. Beyond dramatic volcanic cones, the region is also an important ore district. Historic mining and mineral occurrences around Zletovo and Kratovo (cerussite, copper, and other ore minerals) are part of the area’s geodiversity and tell how geology shaped local economies and settlements for centuries. The mineralogy and old mine workings are themselves geo-sites of scientific and interpretive interest. Turning Kratovo–Zletovo into a geopark requires addressing several practical issues: securing legal protection for key geo-sites; cleaning and stabilizing old mining areas where safety is a concern; investing in visitor infrastructure (trails, signage, small museums), and creating revenue streams that benefit local communities rather than creating mass-tourism pressure. Any geopark plan should integrate cultural heritage and biodiversity, as well as the needs of residents, to ensure long-term local support. Selecting geosites for geotourism, conservation, education, or research purposes involves a structured, multi-criteria assessment. The selection process ensures that the most significant geological features are identified, documented, protected, and potentially promoted. Using a structured, transparent multi-criteria approach ensures the protection and optimal use of these valuable natural assets as well as appropriate nomination for UNESCO Geopark. In this article, applying multi-criteria evaluation—an approach used in geopark initiatives worldwide—the Kratovo-Zletovo region was assessed to identify priority sites for future inclusion in a Geopark. According to the results obtained from the expert evaluation, we can conclude that three localities, including Earth pyramids near v. Kuklica, Geoarchaeological occurrence Cocev Kamen and Lesnovo cone and caldera, were ranked with the highest score as key sites for the proposed UNESCO Global Geopark. Other localities received lower scores, mainly due to criteria such as accessibility, infrastructure, and presentation, which can be significantly improved through targeted measures and management activities
Leveraging epigenetic alterations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma for clinical applications
No full textPancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy characterized by late detection and poor prognosis. Recent research highlights the pivotal role of epigenetic alterations in driving PDAC development and progression. These changes, in conjunction with genetic mutations, contribute to the intricate molecular landscape of the disease. Specific modifications in DNA methylation, histone marks, and non-coding RNAs are emerging as robust predictors of disease progression and patient survival, offering the potential for more precise prognostic tools compared to conventional clinical staging. Moreover, the detection of epigenetic alterations in blood and other non-invasive samples holds promise for earlier diagnosis and improved management of PDAC. This review comprehensively summarises current epigenetic research in PDAC and identifies persisting challenges. These include the complex nature of epigenetic profiles, tumour heterogeneity, limited access to early-stage samples, and the need for highly sensitive liquid biopsy technologies. Addressing these challenges requires the standardisation of methodologies, integration of multi-omics data, and leveraging advanced computational tools such as machine learning and artificial intelligence. While resource-intensive, these efforts are essential for unravelling the functional consequences of epigenetic changes and translating this knowledge into clinical applications. By overcoming these hurdles, epigenetic research has the potential to revolutionise the management of PDAC and improve patient outcomes. © 2025 The Author
