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Les premières étapes du contrôle de l'activité pharmaceutique en Bulgarie
No full textInitial state regulation of pharmacies and their activity.
The present period includes the end of 19th and in the beginning of 20th century in Bulgaria. The starting point is the liberation of the country from the 500 year yoke in 1878, when the creation of the state public administration started. Very intensive law initiative in all spheres is finded, including pharmaceutical. Structures on the different levels are created for supplying population with medicines. The state takes part both in regulation, wholesale trade and retail trade. In this initial period, even though limited, the beginning of social initiatives for reimbursement treatment is founded.En Bulgarie, à la fin du XIXe et au début du XXe siècle, après cinq siècles de domination étrangère, commence la mise en place de l'administration du pays. On observe, pendant cette période, la création active d'une législation dans tous les domaines, y compris dans le domaine pharmaceutique. Des structures d'approvisionnement en médicaments vont se créer à différents niveaux, l'État participant d'une manière active, aussi bien à la réglementation qu'au commerce de gros et de détail. Cette première période est aussi marquée, bien que dans des proportions limitées, par le début d'un système de Sécurité sociale.Antonova Jeni, Dimitrova Zlatka. Les premières étapes du contrôle de l'activité pharmaceutique en Bulgarie. In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 94ᵉ année, n°350, 2006. pp. 231-236
Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) charadrii
No full textPlagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) charadrii (Yamaguti, 1939) Van Cleave & Williams, 1951 Material studied. BMNH 1965.931-937, from the small intestine of Charadrius alexandrinus nihonensis Deignan, Pescadore Islands, Taiwan, whole-mount of 2 specimens (1 slide). Description (Fig. 3) Based on 2 male specimens. Males. Trunk elongate, almost cylindrical but tapering both anteriorly and posteriorly, 3.7-4.0 long, 0.9-1.1 wide. Numerous amoeba-shaped hypodermal nuclei. Proboscis cylindrical (in both specimens invaginated to different degrees, i.e. anterior third in first specimen and anterior two-thirds in other), c.0.93-0.95 long, 0.23 wide. Proboscis armament consists of 18 longitudinal rows of 12-13 hooks (anterior hooks invaginated) (in 1 specimen). Most of hooks with posteriorly directed roots; only pos- teriormost 4 (3) hooks spiniform with short apophyses. Length of first 8 (9) hooks – blade 52-59 µm, root 29-49 µm; length of last 4 (3) spiniform hooks – 42-52 (54) µm, root 12-22 µm. Neck short, c.0.13 long, 0.25 wide. Proboscis receptacle doublewalled, 1.5 long, 0.26 wide. Lemnisci band-shaped, c.1.5 long, c.0.05 wide (only 1 measured). Testes spherical, 0.26-0.32 long, 0.23-0.35 wide, situated in tandem in middle of trunk, at c.0.06 from one another; anterior testis 0.14 from tip of proboscis receptacle. Cement glands 6 in number, tubular, arranged in 2 groups of 3; longest cement gland of first group (1.70 long) present immediately posterior to anterior testis; remaining 2 cement glands slightly further posterior, 1.44 and 1.01 long; 2 of cement glands of second group present posterior to hind testis, 1.35 long, with remaining cement gland slightly further posterior, 1.03 long. Genital bursa (everted in 1 specimen) 0.55 long, 0.45 wide. Remarks. Despite the partial invagination of the proboscis, we identified these specimens as Plagiorhychus charadrii based on the number of the longitudinal rows and morphometric data from both the hooks (especially the posterior three or four hooks) and of some internal organs (testes and cement glands). When comparing the present morphometric data with those from published descriptions (Yamaguti 1939; Johnston and Edmonds 1947; Schmidt and Kuntz 1966; Belopol’skaya 1983; Amin et al. 1999; Dimitrova et al. 1999), we did not find significant differences, although differences in the maximum length of the hook blade are apparent. Regarding the latter feature, the studied specimens are most similar to the descriptions given by Yamaguti (1939), Schmidt and Kuntz (1966) and Dimitrova et al. (1999), i.e. 60-63 versus 59 µm in present specimens. However, Johnston and Edmonds (1947) and Belopol’skaya (1983) reported smaller lengths for the hooks, i.e. 29 and 54 µm, respectively. This species was described from Charadrius dubius curonicus Gmelin in Japan (Yamaguti 1939) and later recorded, mainly from charadriiform birds, in the Australian Region (Australian mainland and Tasmania) (Johnston and Edmonds 1947; Amin et al. 1999; Smales 2002, 2003), the Palaeotropical Region (Taiwan and the Pescadore Islands) (Schmidt and Kuntz 1966; Amin et al. 1999), the Palaearctic Region (Japan, Russian Far East, Kazakhstan, the Ukraine and Bulgaria) (Lisitsina 1992; Amin et al. 1999; Dimitrova et al. 1999; Araki 2003), the Oceanic Region (Hawaii) (Amin et al. 1999) and the Neotropical Region (Belize) (Canaris and Kinsella 2001).Published as part of Dimitrova, Zlatka, 2009, Acanthocephalans of the nominotypical subgenus of Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchidae) from charadriiform birds in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, with a key to the species of the subgenus, pp. 75-90 in ZooKeys 6 (6) on pages 82-83, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.6.94, http://zenodo.org/record/57643
Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) odhneri Lundstrom 1942
No full textPlagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchus) odhneri Lundström, 1942 Material studied. [All labelled as P. crassicollis.] BMNH 1946.5.14.121-122, from small intestine of Charadrius hiaticula, Orkney Islands, Scotland, wet material (3 specimens); BMNH 1936.8.17.124-140 (1 immature female), from small intestine of C. hiaticula, Weymouth, Dorset, England, wet material; BMNH 1951.12.12.34, from small intestine of Haematopus ostralegus Linnaeus, Holy Island (adjacent to Isle of Arran), Scotland, wet material (1 specimen). Description (Fig. 2) Based on 1 male and 1 female specimen and 1 metasoma (female) from BMNH 1946.5.14.121-122. Male. Length of trunk (deformed) 4.0. Proboscis cylindrical, situated at angle to trunk axis, 0.68 long, 0.15 wide. Proboscis armament consists of 20 longitudinal rows of 16-17 hooks per row. Length of first 9 (10) hooks – blade 32-42 µm, root 34-37 µm; length of next 3 hooks – blade 25-27 µm, root 25-34 µm; length of last 3 hooks – blade 22 µm, root 15-20 µm. Neck trapezoidal, 0.18 long, 0.13-0.22 wide. Proboscis receptacle 0.6 long, 0.2 wide. Lemnisci 1.3 (1.4) long, 0.1-0.11 wide. Testes not clearly seen; anterior testis at c. 1.12 from tip of proboscis receptacle. Length of cement glands c.0.80. Female. Trunk elliptical, oval to fusiform, 4.4-5.6 long, 1.9-2.2 wide. Proboscis cylindrical, situated at angle to trunk axis, 0.76 long, 0.19 wide. Proboscis armament consists of 17 longitudinal rows of 15-16 hooks per row. Length of first 9 (10) hooks – blade 37-49 µm, root indistinct; length of next 2-3 hooks – blade 29-32 µm, root indistinct; remaining 4 hooks could not be measured. Neck withdrawn. Proboscis re- ceptacle and lemnisci indistinct. Genital pore at 0.2 from end of trunk. Eggs elongateoval, shuttle-shaped, with polar prolongations, 93-115 × 20-39 µm. Additional data. Based on 1 immature specimen from C. hiaticula and 1 specimen from Haematopus ostralegus. Trunk of immature specimen 3.6 long, 1.4 wide. Proboscis cylindrical, situated at angle to trunk axis, 0.76 long, 0.17 wide. Proboscis armament consists of 18 longitudinal rows of 15-16 hooks in each row. Length of first 9-10 hooks – blade 36-43 µm, root 39-44 µm; length of next 2-3 hooks – blade 27-32 µm, root 27-39 µm; length of last 3 hooks 22-27 µm, root 20 µm (for hooks XIV-XV). Trunk of female specimen c.4.0 long, 1.55 wide. Proboscis 0.8 long, 0.15 wide. Remarks. Lundström (1942) described this species from Haematopus ostralegus in Sweden. Golvan (1956) considered it to be a variety of P. crassicollis and later (Golvan 1960) as a subspecies. In the taxonomic arrangement of the nominotypical subgenus of Plagiorhynchus proposed by Schmidt and Kuntz (1966) and Amin (1985), this species is missing. According to other authors (Petrochenko 1958; Yamaguti 1963; Khokhlova 1986; Golvan 1994), P. odhneri is a valid species. Lisitsina (1992) redescribed it on the basis of specimens from Charadrius dubius Scopoli and C. alexandrinus L. in the Ukraine. Unfortunately, the type material of this species was not available for re-examination during the course of the present study. The studied specimens were identified as P. odhneri mainly on the basis of the proboscis armature (especially with regard to the number of hooks in each longitudinal row). The armature (17-20 longitudinal rows of 15-17 hooks) recorded in the present study is within the limits of variation reported by Lundström (1942) in the original description (18-19 longitudinal rows of 14-18 hooks) and by Lisitsina (1992) (18-22 longitudinal rows of 15-19 hooks). In comparison with the previous descriptions (Lundström 1942; Lisitsina 1992), I found some differences. These mainly concern the shape and measurements of the trunk. The present specimens possess an almost oval trunk (only the female metasoma is spindle-shaped) with measurements of 4.0 ×? (male) and 4.4-5.6 × 1.9-2.2 mm (female) versus an almost spindle-shaped trunk measuring 5.0-8.4 × 0.8-1.7 (male) and 9.0-11.0 × 1.7-2.4 mm (female), as described by Lundström (1942), and an almost cylindrical trunk measuring 3.57-6.58 × 0.96-1.58 (male) and 8.76-12.53 × 1.10-1.23 mm (female), according to Lisitsina (1992). With regard to these characters, our specimens are close to P. crassicollis (see above), as described by Lühe (1911), with an oval trunk and measurements of 5.0 × 1.6-1.8 (male) and 7.0 × 3.0 mm (female). In addition, the proboscis of our worms is shorter, i.e. 0.68 (male) and 0.76-0.8 mm (female) compared with 0.8 (male) and 0.9-1.1 mm (female) as recorded by Lundström (1942). However, it is longer than the proboscis of P. crassicollis (0.6 mm) (Lühe 1911). Lisitsina (1992) reported wider limits of variation for this character (0.68-1.23 mm in both sexes), and our specimens fit within this morphometric range. More abundant material is needed to assess the variation within P. odhneri and to confirm its validity. P. odhneri has previously been reported from Charadrius hiaticula and Haematopus ostralegus in the United Kingdom (Williams 1961; Threlfall 1963). Other records are from charadriiform birds in Sweden, Russia (White Sea coast), the Ukraine and Bulgaria (Lundström 1942; Belopol’skaya 1983; Lisitsina 1992; Hansson 1997; Dimitrova et al. 2000).Published as part of Dimitrova, Zlatka, 2009, Acanthocephalans of the nominotypical subgenus of Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchidae) from charadriiform birds in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, with a key to the species of the subgenus, pp. 75-90 in ZooKeys 6 (6) on pages 79-81, DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.6.94, http://zenodo.org/record/57643
Acanthocephalans of the nominotypical subgenus of Plagiorhynchus (Plagiorhynchidae) from charadriiform birds in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London, with a key to the species of the subgenus
No full textVolume: 6Start Page: 75End Page: 9
History of the hospital practice and the hospital pharmacy in Bulgaria
No full textТази публикация представя възникването и развитието на модерните болници и болнични аптеки към тях по българските земи в епохата на Възраждането, в които пациентите се обслужват от лица със специално медицинско образование и са организирани по западен образец. Според начина на финансирането им са обособени в няколко групи: държавни, дарителски и частни.Summary. This publication presents the beginning and development of modern hospitals and hospital pharmacies in the Bulgarian lands in the Renaissance, in which patients are served by individuals with special medical education and they are organized on the western model. According to their financing sources hospitals are divided into several groups: government, charitable and private
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
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Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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