189 research outputs found
Rhipidocotyle danai Bray & Palm, 2009, n. sp.
No full textRhipidocotyle danai n. sp. (Figure 1) Type-host: Thyrsitoides marleyi Fowler (Gempylidae: Perciformes), black snoek Site: intestine. Type locality: Pelabuhan Ratu, Java, Indonesia (06° 59 S, 106 ° 32 ’E, March 2008). Deposition of specimens: Holotype ZMB Generalkatalog Entozoa, E. 7453, paratypes ZMB Generalkatalog Entozoa, E. 7454, BMNH 2009.5. 22.3, NBC MZBTr 204. Etymology: The species is named after Dr. Darnas Dana (04.01.1947 – 27.08.2007), former Vice Rector of Planning and Development (1999–2003), Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia, and Director of Fish Health and Environment, Directorate General of Aquaculture, Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (2004–2006), who invited the second author to carry out fish parasitological research at IPB. Description: Based on 10 whole-mount preparations. Measurements and ratios in Table 1. Body elongate, widest at level of anterior post-testicular region, tapering anteriorly (Figure 1). Tegument spinous; spines squamous, tiny, reach to posterior extremity. Rhynchus broader anteriorly, aperture ventral; hood smooth. Mouth just anterior to ovary or at level of anterior part of ovary, inside anterior half of body. Pharynx globular. Caecum irregularly oval, small. Testes 2, oval, tandem, in anterior part of posterior half of body, contiguous or slightly separated. Cirrussac elongate, more-or-less parallel sided, reaching anterior testis. Seminal vesicle elongate-oval, in proximal cirrus-sac. Pars prostatica long, in 2 distinct parts; proximal part straight narrow; distal part, wider, straight, surrounded by dense layer of gland-cells, lining of filaments in chevron arrangement pointing distally. Ejaculatory duct narrow, opening on large, curved genital lobe, inside genital atrium. Genital atrium large. Genital pore distinctly separated from posterior extremity. Ovary oval, pretesticular, contiguous with anterior testis. Mehlis’ gland overlapping ovary and anterior testis. Uterine seminal vesicle occasionally seen in proximal uterus. Laurer’s canal apparently opens dorsally at level of Mehlis’s glands, not usually detectable. Uterus reaches distinctly anterior to vitelline fields, fills most of available space to level of genital pore. Eggs numerous, tanned, operculate. Metraterm not detected, obscured by eggs. Vitellarium consists of 2 lateral fields of 13–18 follicles, more or less symmetrical, but with one slightly longer than other, anterior extremity distinctly posterior to rhynchus and anterior extent of uterus, but always anterior to caecum and gonads; posterior extremity at about level of ovary or slightly anterior. Excretory pore terminal; anterior extent of vesicle obscured by eggs. Taxonomic comparison: Comparison of Rhipidocotyle danai n. sp. using the visual keys discussed above shows that in the comparison diagram (Figure 2) 6 species have no black squares against their names, namely R. anguillae Wang, 1985, R. coiliae Wang, 1980, R. longleyi Manter, 1934 R. microovatum Zhukov, 1977, R. scombropsis (Yamaguti, 1938) and R. sphyraenae Yamaguti, 1959. Six have one black square against their name: R. fluminensis Vicente & dos Santos, 1973, R. ghanensis Fischthal & Thomas, 1968, R. karthai Hafeezullah & Siddiqi, 1970, R. khalili Nagaty, 1937, R. pentagonum (Ozaki, 1924), R. pseudorhombi Nahhas, Sey & Nakahara, 2006. Rhipidocotyle anguillae was described from the eel Anguilla mauritiana (now considered the giant mottled eel Anguilla marmorata Quoy & Gaimard - Anguillidae) from off Fujian Province, China and (Wang 1985) differs from R. danai n. sp. in the distinct five-lobed rhyncheal hood, and probably the pre-uterine distance (about 26 % of body-length vs 16–20 (19)%) and cirrus-sac reach (about 28 % of body-length vs 34– 42 (39)%). Rhipidocotyle coiliae reported from the Japanese grenadier anchovy Coilia nasus Temminck & Schlegel (Engraulidae) and the snake eel Cirrhimuraena chinensis Kaup (Ophichthidae), off Fujian, China (Wang 1980) can be distinguished from R. danai n. sp. by the lobed rhyncheal hood and the cirrus-sac restricted to the post-testicular region. It is also probably distinguished by its greater pre-uterine difference (about 26 % vs 16–20 (19)%), length (1,120–2,080 vs 2,117–2,715), relatively width (about 22–31 % vs 12–20 (17)%), cirrussac reach (about 30 % vs 34–42 (39)%) and egg-length (22–26 vs 19–23). Rhipidocotyle longleyi was originally reported from the blackmouth bass Synagrops [= Hypoclydonia] bellus (Goode & Bean) (Acropomatidae) from off Tortugas, Florida (Manter 1934) and can be distinguished from R. danai n. sp. by its rhynchus which has a distinctly seven-lobed hood. This observation is based on the original description, but other descriptions of the species from geographically distant regions (Reimer 1985; Szuks 1981; Yamaguti 1938) also indicate this distinctive feature. R. longleyi may possibly be slightly broader generally (width about 15–25 % of body length vs 12–20 (17)%). Species Rhipidocotyle danai n. sp. Rhipidocotyle jayai n. sp. Prosorhynchus platycephali Host (s) Thysitoides marleyi Johnius macropterus Sunagocia otaitensis n 4 5 13 Length 2,117–2,715 (2,439) 2,340–3,297 (2,740) 2,823–4,468 (3,856) Width 318–489 (409) 415–560 (479) 254–456 (356) Pre-vitelline distance 440–652 (567) 492–684 (593) 613–890 (766) Pre-caecal distance 809–1,030 (922) 991–1,423 (1,140) 1,145–1,790 (1,558) Pre-uterine distance 386–540 (465) 647–1,015 (805) 440–1,339 (711) Pre-mouth distance 883–1,117 (1,018) 1,152–1,513 (1,321) 1,570–2,220 (1,934) Pre-testicular distance 1,071–1,314 (1,195) 1,476–1,962 (1,645) 1,377–2,408 (2,066) Pre-ovarian distance 931–1,176 (1,046) 1,327–1,687 (1,444) 1,297–2,302 (1,962) Rhynchus 165–176 × 116–132 (170 × 124) 175–213 × 152–202 (188 × 180) 151–193 × 108–143 (168 × 122) Rhynchus to vitellarium 268–483 (399) 318–498 (407) 408–831 (606) Rhynchus to uterus 210–382 (297) 449–817 (623) 281–1,336 (592) Rhynchus to caecum 720–873 (791) 785–1,436 (993) 1,154–1,686 (1,457) Long vitelline field 424–528 (483) 832–1,419 (992) 765–1,662 (1,276) Short vitelline field 399–606 (493) 645–1,177 (814) 711–1,453 (1,030) Caecum 309–382 × 67–132 (344 × 98) 431–567 × 130–238 (500 × 196) 198–369 × 87–124 (107 × 103) Pharynx 79–88 × 92–108 (84 × 100) 105–140 × 110–156 (125 × 133) 83–117 × 61–105 (103 × 87) Ovary 160–204 × 136–179 (183 × 160) 162–225 × 132–204 (194 × 177) 105–195 × 126–171 (150 × 144) Ovary to anterior testis 0 0–85 (27) 0 Anterior testis 217–264 × 167–236 (240 × 203) 233–337 × 206–305 (287 × 261) 136–223 × 143–206 (194 × 179) Distance between testes 0–23 (6) 0 121–290 (180) Posterior testis 217–242 × 180–233 (229 × 202) 178-275 × 169–254 (243 × 217) 160–285 × 167–237 (225 × 192) Posterior testis to cirrus-sac 0 0 10–440 (251) Cirrus-sac 718–952 × 92–130 (803 × 108) 459–781 × 104–161 (588 × 133) 467–707 × 109–149 (590 × 133) Seminal vesicle 164 × 51 56–100 × 44–84 (76 65) 110–257 × 41–78 (186 × 63) Pars prostatica 502–758 × 56–86 (588 × 68) 366–591 × 39–80 (479 × 51) 418–977 × 47–84 (513 × 66) Post-testicular region 566–864 (735) 423–768 (554) 770–1,481 (1,165) Post-vitelline region 1,009–1,591 (1,281) 988–1,276 (1,115) 1,003–2,202 (1,771) Cirrus-sac reach 889–1,016 (940) 68–1,069 (855) 735–1,074 (899) Post-ovarian region 961–1,366 (1,160) 844–1,376 (1,094) 1,276–2,122 (1,673) Genital pore to posterior 46–89 (77) 49–93 (70) 58–302 (236) extremity Eggs 19–23 × 9–13 (21 × 11) 25–30 × 13–20 (27 × 16) 22–29 × 17–24 (26 × 20) Width%* 12–20 (17) 17–18 (18) 8.1–12 (9.3) Pre-vitelline distance%* 18–26 (23) 17–24 (22) 16–27 (20) Pre-caecal distance%* 37–38 (38) 38–44 (42) 35–45 (41) Pre-uterine distance%* 16–20 (19) 26–35 (29) 13–30 (18) Pre-mouth distance%* 41–43 (42) 46–51 (49) 45–56 (50) Pre-testicular distance%* 46–51 (49) 56–64 (60) 48–57 (54) Pre-ovarian distance%* 41–44 (43) 46–51 (53) 45–54 (51) Rhynchus length%* 6.1–7.9 (7.0) 5.3–8.3 (7.0) 3.9–5.4 (4.4) Rhynchus width as % 70–76 (73) 83–102 (95) 67–78 (73) rhynchus length .....continued on the next page Rhipidocotyle microovatum from the barred queen fish Scomberoides [= Chironemus] tala Cuvier (Carangidae) off Chennai, India (Zhukov 1977) is distinguished from R. danai n. sp. by its 7 -lobed hood. It also can probably be distinguished by the length of the pre-vitelline region (about 32 % of body-length vs 18– 26 (23)%), relative width (about 23–28 % of body length vs 12–20 (17)%), length of pre-uterine region (about 23 % of body-length vs 16–20 (19)%) and egg length (16–19 vs 19–23 (21)). Rhipidocotyle scombropsis was originally reported from the gnomefish Scombrops boops (Houttuyn) (Scombropidae) from off Japan (Yamaguti 1938) and can be distinguished from R. danai n. sp. by its gonads always being distinctly separated by uterine slings, the cirrus-sac reaches to the posterior testis, or into the anterior post-testicular region and, apparently, by a weakly incised hood. R. scombropsis may possibly be slightly broader generally (width about 17–25 % of body length vs 12–20 (17)%), and have a relatively shorter cirrus-sac reach (about 30 % vs 34–42 (39)), and slightly shorter pre-vitelline (about 18.5 % vs 18–26 (23)%) and pre-uterine (about 14 % vs 16–20 (19)%) distances. Rhipidocotyle sphyraenae was originally reported in the red barracuda Sphyraena pinguis Günther (Sphyraenidae) off Japan (Yamaguti 1959) and differs from R. danai n. sp. in the seven double papillae on the rhyncheal hood. It also probably differs in its pre-uterine distance (about 8 % of body-length vs. 16-20 (19)%). This comparison is based on the original description only, not on the redescription by Reimer (1985) from the sombre splitfin Neoscombrops annectens Gilchrist (Acropomatidae) from off Mozambique. Rhipidocotyle fluminensis from the little tunny Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque) (Scombridae) off Rio de Janeira State, Brazil (Vicente & Santos 1973) was distinguished from R. danai n. sp. in the visual key by pre-uterine distance (about 33 % of the body-length vs 16–20 (19)%). The rhyncheal hood is illustrated as distinctly angular and the body is notably wider in the mid-region, making the worm distinctly fusiform in outline. Rhipidocotyle ghanensis from the spottail spiny turbot Psettodes belcheri Bennett (Psettodidae) from off Ghana (Fischthal & Thomas 1968) was distinguished from R. danai n. sp. in the visual key by the position of the mouth (about 60–67 % of the body-length from the anterior extremity vs 41–43 (42)%) and can also be distinguished by its 7 -lobed rhyncheal hood and the inflated excretory vesicle in the anterior part of the body. R. ghanensis probably has a relatively slightly longer rhynchus (about 8.2–10.7 % vs 6.1–7.9 (7.0)%), longer pre-vitelline (about 29–33 % vs 18–26 (23)%) and pre-uterine (about 25–28 % vs 16–20 (19)%) regions, shorter cirrus-sac reach (about 29–33 % vs 34–42 (39)) and post-testicular region (about 23 % vs 26–35 (30)%). Rhipidocotyle karthai from the Indian spiny turbot Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider) (Psettodidae) off Visakhapatnam, India (Hafeezullah & Siddiqi 1970) was distinguished from R. danai n. sp. in the visual key by the position of the mouth (about 57 % of the body-length from the anterior extremity vs 41–43 (42)%) and can also be distinguished by its 7 -lobed rhyncheal hood. R. karthai probably has a relatively slightly longer rhynchus (about 8.8–9.1 % vs 6.1–7.9 (7.0)%), and shorter cirrus-sac reach (about 31 % vs 34–42 (39)) and post-testicular region (about 24 % vs 26–35 (30)%). Madhavi (1974) considered R. karthai a synonym of R. ghanensis. Rhipidocotyle khalili was originally described from the milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskål) (Chanidae) off the Egyptian Red Sea coast at Koseira (Nagaty 1937) and is distinguished from R. danai n. sp., according to the visual key, by its pre-vitelline distance (about 54 % of body-length vs 18–26 (23)%). Apparently, there is a ‘crown-shaped structure’ around the rhynchus. Other differentiating features may be the pre-uterine distance (about 26 % of body-length vs 16–20 (17)%), the pre-mouth distance (about 51 % of body-length vs 41– 43 (42)%) and the cirrus-sac reach (about 28 % of body-length vs 34–42 (39)%). This species has also been reported in Indonesian waters by Yamaguti (1953 b), from a barracuda Sphyraena sp. (Sphyraenidae off Sulawesi. The worm was described, but not illustrated. Subsequently, it has been reported in other Sphyraena spp. in the Bay of Bengal (Madhavi 1974) and off Mozambique (Reimer 1985). Rhipidocotyle pentagonum, originally reported from the contradictorily named Japanese Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus niphonius (Cuvier) (Scombridae) off Shikoku Island, Japan (Ozaki 1924, 1928), differs from R. danai n. sp. in the visual key by pre-uterine distance (about 49 % vs 16–20 (19)%). Based on Ozaki’s descriptions this species differs from R. danai n. sp. by its seven-lobed rhynchus hood and possibly in cirrus-sac reach (about 24 % vs 34–42 (39)%). The species is widely reported in scombrids, including records from the Mediterranean Sea (Eckmann 1932), Japan (Yamaguti 1938), the Bay of Bengal (Madhavi 1974), the Pacific coast of Mexico (Castillo-Sánches et al. 1997) and the Atlantic Ocean off Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil (Fernandes et al. 2002). Rhipidocotyle pseudorhombi, from the largetooth flounder Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton) (Paralichthyidae) in the Arabian Gulf (Nahhas et al. 2006), differs from R. danai n. sp. in the visual key by the pre-vitelline distance (about 37 % of body-length vs 18–26 (23)%). The rhynchus is said to have a ‘smooth poorly developed hood and 7 thin papillae, 2 lateral, one dorsal, one ventral and 3 median.’ As far as we are aware this is the first report of a fully identified bucephalid in a member of the Gempylidae.Published as part of Bray, Rodney A & Palm, Harry W, 2009, Bucephalids (Digenea: Bucephalidae) from marine fishes off the south-western coast of Java, Indonesia, including the description of two new species of Rhipidocotyle and comments on the marine fish digenean fauna of Indonesia, pp. 1-24 in Zootaxa 2223 on pages 3-9, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19014
White matter alterations in early stages of schizophrenia: A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies
No full textSeveral lines of evidence suggest that the normal integration of cerebral communication may be compromised in schizophrenia, with white matter (WM) abnormalities being integral to these functional deficits. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a neuroimaging technique which has increasingly been used to study WM through quantitative indices of its structural and orientational characteristics. Identifying the WM differences early in the course of schizophrenia may assist in prevention, early diagnosis and identification of treatment targets. In that respect, the aims of the present study were to (a) systematically review WM integrity in the early stages of schizophrenia as inferred by DTI and (b) specifically examine parameters that may affect WM: age, duration of illness and treatment. In summary, DTI studies in early schizophrenia suggest that structural dysconnectivity may be already present in recent-onset and drug-naïve patients, as well as in individuals clinically at high risk for developing schizophrenia. Although the pattern of WM differences is not totally consistent frontal, fronto-temporal and fronto-limbic connections, with tracts including the superior longitudinal fasciculus, cingulum bundle, uncinate fasciculus and corpus callosum seem to be affected. These differences may depend on the developmental stage of the subjects, the duration of illness and exposure to antipsychotic medication. © 2013 by the American Society of Neuroimaging
Subcortical volumes across the lifespan: Data from 18,605 healthy individuals aged 3–90 years
No full textthe University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover
No full textInvestigation of neural correlates of bottom-up and top-down processing with functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram. Exemplified by the binocular depth inversion-paradigm
Development and Validation of a Prediction Model of Outcome After B-Cell Maturation Antigen-Directed Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma
No full textPURPOSE
Although chimeric antigen receptor T therapy (CAR-T) cells are an established therapy for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), there are no established models predicting outcome to identify patients who may benefit the most from CAR-T.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
This is an international retrospective observational study including patients with RRMM infused with currently available commercial or academically produced anti–B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) CAR-T. We describe characteristics and outcomes in Europe (n = 136) and the United States (n = 133). Independent predictors of relapse/progression built a simple prediction model (Myeloma CAR-T Relapse [MyCARe] model) in the training cohort (Europe), which was externally validated (US cohort) and tested within patient- and treatment-specific subgroups.
RESULTS
The overall response rate was 87% and comparable between both cohorts, and complete responses were seen in 48% (Europe) and 49% (the United States). The median time to relapse was 5 months, and early relapse <5 months from infusion showed poor survival across cohorts, with the 12-month overall survival of 30% (Europe) and 14% (the United States). The presence of extramedullary disease or plasma cell leukemia, lenalidomide-refractoriness, high-risk cytogenetics, and increased ferritin at the time of lymphodepletion were independent predictors of early relapse or progression. Each factor received one point, forming the three-tiered MyCARe model: scores 0-1 (low risk), scores 2-3 (intermediate risk), and a score of 4 (high risk). The MyCARe model was significantly associated with distinct 5-month incidence of relapse/progression ( P < .001): 7% for low-risk, 27% for intermediate-risk, and 53% for high-risk groups. The model was validated in the US cohort and maintained prognostic utility for response, survival, and outcomes across subgroups.
CONCLUSION
Outcomes of patients with RRMM after CAR-T are comparable between Europe and the United States. The MyCARe model may facilitate optimal timing of CAR-T cells in patient-specific subgroups
Choroid plexus enlargement is associated with neuroinflammation and reduction of blood brain barrier permeability in depression
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that choroid plexuses (CP) may be involved in the neuro-immune axes, playing a role in the interaction between the central and peripheral inflammation. Here we aimed to investigate CP volume alterations in depression and their associations with inflammation.
METHODS: 51 depressed participants (HDRS score > 13) and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HCs) from the Wellcome Trust NIMA consortium were re-analysed for the study. All the participants underwent full peripheral cytokine profiling and simultaneous [11C]PK11195 PET/structural MRI imaging for measuring neuroinflammation and CP volume respectively.
RESULTS: We found a significantly greater CP volume in depressed subjects compared to HCs (t(76) = +2.17) that was positively correlated with [11C]PK11195 PET binding in the anterior cingulate cortex (r = 0.28, p = 0.02), prefrontal cortex (r = 0.24, p = 0.04), and insular cortex (r = 0.24, p = 0.04), but not with the peripheral inflammatory markers: CRP levels (r = 0.07, p = 0.53), IL-6 (r = -0.08, p = 0.61), and TNF-α (r = -0.06, p = 0.70). The CP volume correlated with the [11C]PK11195 PET binding in CP (r = 0.34, p = 0.005). Integration of transcriptomic data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas with the brain map depicting the correlations between CP volume and PET imaging found significant gene enrichment for several pathways involved in neuroinflammatory response.
CONCLUSION: This result supports the hypothesis that changes in brain barriers may cause reduction in solute exchanges between blood and CSF, disturbing the brain homeostasis and ultimately contributing to inflammation in depression. Given that CP anomalies have been recently detected in other brain disorders, these results may not be specific to depression and might extend to other conditions with a peripheral inflammatory component
Impaired top-down processes in schizophrenia: A DCM study of ERPs
No full textPerception is not simply based on a hierarchical organization of the brain; it arises from an interplay between inputs from the environment and internal predictions of these inputs. It is an active process which involves an interaction between bottom-up information coming from the senses and feedback connections coming from higher-order cortical areas. In our experiment, we use the hollow-mask illusion to investigate the strength of top-down processes in schizophrenic patients and healthy controls. By using dynamic causal modelling (DCM) on functional magnetic resonance tomography (fMRI) data, we have presented evidence to suggest that patients with schizophrenia are less constrained by top-down processes during perception (Dima, D., Roiser, J.P., Dietrich, D.E., Bonnemann, C., Lanfermann, H., Emrich, H.M., Dillo, W., 2009. Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow-mask illusion using dynamic causal modeling. Neuroimage 46, 1180-1186). In this study, we re-address this issue by using DCM on event-related potentials (ERPs) data. Our aim was to validate our previous findings by conducting the same connectivity analysis - DCM - on data obtained from a different neuroimaging method. Our results confirm our initial hypothesis that top-down influences are constrained in schizophrenia, especially in perceptual tasks that require top-down control, like the hollow-mask illusion. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
Towards person-centered neuroimaging markers for resilience and vulnerability in Bipolar Disorder
Get PDFImproved clinical care for Bipolar Disorder (BD) relies on the identification of diagnostic markers that can reliably detect disease-related signals in clinically heterogeneous populations. At the very least, diagnostic markers should be able to differentiate patients with BD from healthy individuals and from individuals at familial risk for BD who either remain well or develop other psychopathology, most commonly Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). These issues are particularly pertinent to the development of translational applications of neuroimaging as they represent challenges for which clinical observation alone is insufficient. We therefore applied pattern classification to task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data of the n-back working memory task, to test their predictive value in differentiating patients with BD (n=30) from healthy individuals (n=30) and from patients' relatives who were either diagnosed with MDD (n=30) or were free of any personal lifetime history of psychopathology (n=30). Diagnostic stability in these groups was confirmed with 4-year prospective follow-up. Task-based activation patterns from the fMRI data were analyzed with Gaussian Process Classifiers (GPC), a machine learning approach to detecting multivariate patterns in neuroimaging datasets. Consistent significant classification results were only obtained using data from the 3-back versus 0-back contrast. Using contrast, patients with BD were correctly classified compared to unrelated healthy individuals with an accuracy of 83.5%, sensitivity of 84.6% and specificity of 92.3%. Classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity when comparing patients with BD to their relatives with MDD, were respectively 73.1%, 53.9% and 94.5%. Classification accuracy, sensitivity and specificity when comparing patients with BD to their healthy relatives were respectively 81.8%, 72.7% and 90.9%. We show that significant individual classification can be achieved using whole brain pattern analysis of task-based working memory fMRI data. The high accuracy and specificity achieved by all three classifiers suggest that multivariate pattern recognition analyses can aid clinicians in the clinical care of BD in situations of true clinical uncertainty regarding the diagnosis and prognosis
Childhood abuse is associated with structural impairment in the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and aggressiveness in patients with borderline personality disorder
No full textVolume reduction and functional impairment in areas of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) have been found in borderline personality disorder (BPD), particularly in patients with a history of childhood abuse. These abnormalities may contribute to the expression of emotion dysregulation and aggressiveness. In this study we investigated whether the volume of the PFC is reduced in BPD patients and whether a history of childhood abuse would be associated with greater PFC structural changes. Structural MRI data were obtained from 18 BPD patients and 19 healthy individuals matched for age, sex, handedness, and education and were analyzed using voxel based morphometry. The Child Abuse Scale was used to elicit a past history of abuse; aggression was evaluated using the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). The volume of the right ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) was significantly reduced in BPD subjects with a history of childhood abuse compared to those without this risk factor. Additionally, right VLPFC gray matter volume significantly correlated with the BDHI total score and with BDHI irritability and negativism subscale scores in patients with a history of childhood abuse. Our results suggest that a history of childhood abuse may lead to increased aggression mediated by an impairment of the right VLPFC
Recent Advances in Adult Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Get PDFPTLD is a rare but severe complication of hematopoietic or solid organ transplant recipients, with variable incidence and timing of occurrence depending on different patient-, therapy-, and transplant-related factors. The pathogenesis of PTLD is complex, with most cases of early PLTD having a strong association with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection and the iatrogenic, immunosuppression-related decrease in T-cell immune surveillance. Without appropriate T-cell response, EBV-infected B cells persist and proliferate, resulting in malignant transformation. Classification is based on the histologic subtype and ranges from nondestructive hyperplasias to monoclonal aggressive lymphomas, with the most common subtype being diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-like PTLD. Management focuses on prevention of PTLD development, as well as therapy for active disease. Treatment is largely based on the histologic subtype. However, given lack of clinical trials providing evidence-based data on PLTD therapy-related outcomes, there are no specific management guidelines. In this review, we discuss the pathogenesis, histologic classification, and risk factors of PTLD. We further focus on common preventive and frontline treatment modalities, as well as describe the application of novel therapies for PLTD and elaborate on potential challenges in therapy
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