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A Macro Level Optimization Model for Sustainable Water Management
Get PDFThis volume 14 of the ‘Wasser Infrastruktur Ressourcen’ series is the dissertation of Timo C. Dilly. Finding holistic solutions for sustainable water management in settlements and cities is a complex task that depends on numerous variables, which emphasizes the need for a decision support tool. This thesis presents the newly developed Tool for Integrated Management and Optimization of the Urban Water Cycle (TIMO UWC). TIMO UWC is a macro-level Decision Support System (DSS) that considers water supply, urban drainage, wastewater treatment, rainwater harvesting and different water reuse concepts in one package. Required inputs are (1.) settlement characteristics, (2.) hydrological conditions and (3.) infrastructure characteristics. The TIMO UWC consists of a scenario manager, an optimization model, and a result visualization module. The optimization model is described in detail with all input parameters, decision variables, model constraints, objective functions and required preprocessing functions. Based on the urban water mass balance the optimization model solves a multi-criteria network flow problem. The model generates integrated solutions for urban water management systems by considering key evaluation criteria such as cost, emissions, space requirements, and evapotranspiration, which is used as an auxiliary parameter to estimate heat reduction. A literature review is conducted to define input parameters for all infrastructures within the urban water cycle, with a particular focus on infrastructure costs. For further considerations, characteristics for all infrastructures are defined to set up a baseline scenario. A baseline scenario with reasonable default values for all infrastructure characteristics is created, which serves as the basis for all subsequent tests and analyses. For proof of concept, the tool is tested by setting up two scenarios, a dense and a scattered settlement. For both the optimization results are compared with manually generated variants. It is shown that no better solution can be found by hand and the optimization calculates the costs correctly. A performance test is carried out to explore the limits of the model and to illustrate the relationships between individual input parameters and the optimization results. The analysis deals with the influence of population and settlement configurations, parameters of the cost function, hydrological conditions, and the multi-criteria assessment. The performance test indicated that the developed optimization model can quickly generate optimal solutions by automatically choosing a combination of infrastructure elements for integrated water management. The experiment highlights the substantial impact of the tested input parameters. The decision for or against decentralized infrastructures is significantly influenced by the settlement structure, e.g. the building density. The decision for or against reuse is influenced by the water demand and water availability in the settlement area. The hydrological conditions and the weighting of the evaluation criteria significantly influence the optimization results, potentially leading to complete system changes. The impact of climate change is subsequently explored through three hypothetical case studies: Firstly, for a village with agriculture, it is shown that the demand for irrigation water may necessitate water reuse. Additionally, treated wastewater should be stored in surface water reservoirs or in groundwater bodies to be available for irrigation when needed. Secondly, for a small town with industry, it is shown that conventional drainage systems can be effectively integrated with water reuse concepts. Industrial companies should reuse water to reduce the pressure on the existing water sources. In addition, the reuse of wastewater as service water must be considered. This requires a dual-pipe supply network, with one pipe for drinking water and another for service water for each household. Lastly, for a densely populated city center, it seems evident that implementing a dual-piping system can be worthwhile without considering climate conditions. When the water demand is high, the centralized treatment and reuse of treated wastewater or greywater can be a cost-effective alternative to tapping external water sources. Where space is limited, decentralized and more expensive measures, e.g. in-house water recycling systems, are required to achieve the balance between water sources, storage, reuse and demand. The conclusions address the achievements of the work but also the limitations of the tool and propose ideas for future enhancements. The developed water balance model can be used as a basis for decision making and the tool appears to be well suited for making holistic decisions on the composition and capacity design of urban water infrastructures. Limitations arise, for example, from the use of linear optimization approach to determine the best solution and from the fixed observation period of one year. Based on the investigations conducted, novel ideas emerged regarding potential future research directions and enhancements to the tool's development. Expanding the tool could involve refining temporal resolution, extending optimization beyond a single area, or enhancing the approach to account for heterogeneous catchment areas. There is potential to integrate the developed macro-level optimization approach with detailed design optimization methodologies for specific infrastructures.Der vorliegende Band 14 der Schriftenreihe Wasser Infrastruktur Ressourcen ist die Dissertation von Timo C. Dilly. Die englischsprachige Dissertation stellt die Software TIMO UWC („Tool for Integrated Management and Optimization of the Urban Water Cycle“) und deren Anwendungsfälle vor. TIMO UWC ist ein ganzheitliches Entscheidungsunterstützungstool für die Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, welches auf Makroebene die Wasserversorgung, Siedlungsentwässerung, Abwasserreinigung und unterschiedliche Methoden der Wasserwiederverwendung zusammen betrachtet. Basierend auf einem Modell des natürlichen und städtischen Wasserkreislaufs wurde ein lineares Optimierungsproblem formuliert, welches ein multikriterielles Netzflussproblem löst. Als Eingabeparameter werden die Siedlungsstruktur und Bevölkerungsdichte, die hydrologischen Bedingungen sowie alle wesentlichen Eigenschaften der siedlungswasserwirtschaftlichen Infrastrukturen berücksichtigt. Entscheidungen werden bezüglich der Auswahl und Dimensionierung der Infrastrukturen sowie deren Betrieb im Jahresverlauf getroffen. Die Generierung der Lösungen erflogt unter Berücksichtigung der Bewertungskriterien Kosten, Emissionen, Platzbedarf und Evapotranspiration. Die Evepotranspiration dient als Hilfsparameter zur Abschätzung der Hitzereduktion. Die Arbeit beschreibt das Optimierungsmodell mit allen Eingangsparametern, Bedingungen und Variablen sowie dem Pre-Processing und den Zielfunktionen. Die Eingabeparameter für die Infrastrukturen (z.B. Kosten, Platzbedarf, Wirkungsgrade) basieren auf Literaturrecherchen. Es wird ein Basisszenario festgelegt, auf dessen Grundlage die nachfolgenden Tests und Analysen durchgeführt werden. Ein Proof-of-Concept belegt anhand von Vergleichsrechnungen, dass die Optimierung korrekte Ergebnisse liefert. Nachfolgende Performance-Tests dienen dazu, die Grenzen des Modells auszuloten. Dabei werden die Einflüsse der Siedlungsstruktur, der hydrologischen Bedingungen und der Gewichtung der Bewertungskriterien analysiert. Anschließend werden anhand von drei fiktiven Einzugsgebieten (Dorf, Kleinstadt und Stadtzentrum) die Auswirkungen des Klimawandels auf die Optimierungslösungen untersucht. Die Entscheidung für oder gegen dezentrale Infrastrukturen wird maßgeblich durch die Siedlungsstruktur bestimmt. Blau-grüne Infrastrukturen können die zentrale Entwässerung wirksam im Sinne der Klimaanpassung unterstützen. Ein hoher Wasserbedarf, etwa durch landwirtschaftliche Bewässerung, kann die Speicherung und Wiederverwendung von Wasser erforderlich machen. In dicht besiedelten urbanen Gebieten kann die Wiederverwendung von Abwasser oder Grauwasser eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zur konventionellen Wasserversorgung darstellen. Es kommen Dual-Piping-Systeme zum Einsatz, bei denen Trinkwasser und Brauchwasser über getrennte Leitungsnetze verteilt werden. Bei begrenztem Raumangebot gewinnen dezentrale Maßnahmen im privaten Bereich (z.B. Grauwasserrecycling, Dachbegrünung) zunehmend an Bedeutung. Mit TIMO UWC lassen sich schnell und zuverlässig ganzheitliche Lösungen für ein nachhaltiges urbanes Wassermanagement entwickeln. Im abschließenden Teil der Arbeit werden die Grenzen der Software analysiert, Entwicklungspotenziale aufgezeigt und weiterführende Forschungsfragen abgeleitet
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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