1,720,967 research outputs found
Structural characterisation of silicon-germanium virtual substrate-based heterostructures grown by low pressure chemical vapour deposition
No full textSilicon-germanium heterostructures incorporating compositionally graded virtual substrates are important for the fabrication of a variety of advanced electronic devices. Their successful application depends critically on their surface morphology and defect content. The aim of this research project is to characterise the way in which these structural properties are influenced by the growth parameters used in low pressure chemical vapour deposition (LPCVD) at the Southampton University Microelectronics Centre (SUMC). To this end, a comparative study of the surface quality and the distribution and density of misfit strain relaxation induced defects in SiGe virtual substrate-based heterostructures grown under varying conditions, was carried out. The growth parameters varied have been: growth temperature, initial and final Ge content, Ge concentration gradient, type of Ge grading profile (linear and stepwise) in the virtual substrate, and thickness and presence of a device structure in the capping layer of constant composition. Characterisation was performed using Nomarski differential interference contrast microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Growth conditions combining a temperature of 800 deg C and a Ge concentration variation in the virtual substrate between 13% and 42% were found to activate an inefficient misfit strain relaxation mechanism in linear-graded heterostructures, whereby dislocation nucleation prevails over dislocation motion to relieve the misfit strain. Results showed rough surfaces with deep trenches and deep faceted pits, a high density of short misfit dislocation segments extending well into the capping layer of constant composition and a high density of threading dislocations reaching the surface. Additionally, threading dislocation pileups were observed at faceted pits. At lower growth temperature (750 deg C) and for a Ge concentration variation in the virtual substrate between 12% and 42%, both surface morphology and defect configuration were improved. Furthermore, the step variation of the Ge composition in the virtual substrate was found to activate a misfit strain relaxation mechanism that resulted in superior surface quality than that obtained with linear grading. At the same temperature, the best surface properties were obtained for a Ge concentration variation in the virtual substrate between 0% and 32% and thicker capping layers for both step and linear grading of the Ge content. In these latter structures, the growth conditions used activate a relaxation mechanism that together with the increase in the capping layer thickness, which contributes to surface reshaping, result in smoother surfaces. In conclusion, favourable conditions have been identified for the reproducible growth of device-grade SiGe virtual substrate-based heterostructures by low pressure chemical vapour deposition at the Southampton University Microelectronics Centre. (author)SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre- DSC:DXN053986 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Self-assembled germanium islands grown on (001) silicon substrates by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition
No full textThe time evolution of self-assembled Ge islands, during low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of Ge on Si at 650 Deg C using high growth rates, has been investigated by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. We have found three different island structures The smallest islands are "lens-shaped" and characterized by a rather narrow size distribution, ~4nm high and ~20nm wide. Next to form are a distinct population of multifaceted "dome shaped" islands, up to 25nm high and 80-150 nm wide. Finally, the largest islands that form are square-based truncated pyramids with a very narrow size distribution ~50nm high and ~250nm wide. The pyramidal islands normally seen in the intermediate size range (~150nm) are not observed. The small lens-shaped islands appear to be defect free, while some of the multifaceted islands as well as all the large truncated pyramids contain misfit dislocations. The existence of multifaceted islands, in the size range where multifaceted "dome shaped" islands have previously been reported, is attributed to the high growth rate used. Furthermore, under the growth conditions used, the truncated-pyramid-shaped islands are characterized by a very narrow size distribution
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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