632 research outputs found
Decomposing the Growth in Residential Land in the United States
No full textThis paper decomposes the growth in land occupied by residences in the United States to give the relative contributions of changing demographics versus increases in the land area used by individual households. Between 1976 and 1992 the amount of residential land in the United States grew 47.5% while population only grew 17.8%. At first glance, this suggests an important role for per-household increases. However, the calculations in this paper show that only 24.3% of the growth in residential land area can be attributed to State level changes in land per household. 37.5% is due to overall population growth, 5.9% to the shift of population towards States with larger houses, 22.7% to an increase in the number of households over this period, and the remaining 9.5% to interactions between these changes. There are large differences across states and metropolitan areas in the relative importance of these components.land use, population growth
Trading arrangements and industrial development
No full textHow do different trading arrangements influence the industrialization process of developing countries? Can preferential trading arrangements (PTAs) be superior to multilateral liberalization, or at least an alternative when multilateral liberalization proceeds slowly? If so, what form should the PTAs take? Are developing countries better advised to seek PTAs with industrial countries or among themselves? Traditional analysis of these issues has been based on the idea of trade creation and trade diversion. The problem with this analysis is that it starts from assuming a pattern of comparative advantage of newly industrialized countries. The experience of these countries suggests the need for an analysis in which the pattern of comparative advantage is not set in stone but is potentially flexible, and in which less developed countries can develop and converge in both income and economic structure to industrial economies. The authors outline an alternative approach for analyzing the role of trade in promoting industrial development. There are few fundamental differences between countries that generate immutable patterns of comparative advantage. Instead the pattern of trade and development in the world economy is determined mainly by history. Cumulative causation has created concentrations of industrial activity in particular locations (industrial countries) and left other areas more dependent on primary activities. Economic development can be thought of as the spread of these concentrations from country to country. Different trading arrangements may have a major impact on this development process. By changing the attractiveness of countries as a base for manufacturing production they can potentially trigger or postpone industrial development. This approach explains why firms are reluctant to move to economies that have lower wages and labor costs, and shows how trade liberalization can change the incentives to become established in developing countries. It provides a mechanism through which import liberalization can have a powerful effect in promoting industrialization. And it suggests that import liberalization may create or amplify differences between liberalizing countries with the possible political tensions this may create. While these features are consistent with the world economy, they fall short of providing convincing empirical support for the approach. Using the approach, the authors derive number of conclusions about the effects of trade liberalization. First, that unilaterally liberalizing imports of manufactures can promote development of the local manufacturing industry. The mechanism is forward linkages from imported intermediates, but this may be interpreted as part of a wider package of linkages coming from these imports. Second, the gains from liberalization through PTA membership are likely to exceed those obtained from unilateral action. South-South PTAs will be sensitive to the market size of member states, and North-South PTAs seem to offer better prospects for participating Southern economies, if not for North and excluded countries. Third, the effects of particular schemes (such as the division of benefits between Southern economies) will depend on the characteristics of the countries and cross-country differences in these characteristics.Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Water and Industry,Labor Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Economic Theory&Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Trade and Regional Integration,Water and Industry
Comento sobre los nueve libros de los exemplos, y virtudes morales de Valerio Maximo
No full textSignatura: 2379[7], 213, 159, [6] follas; 4º (20 cm)Signaturas tipográficas: [], [calderón]6, A-3V8, 3X6Ademáis, con portada e foliación propia: Comento sobre los nueue libros de los exemplos, y virtudes morales de Valerio Maximo ... / por Diego Lopez ... .-1632.- 159, [6] follasFrontispicio calcográfico asinado: Alardo de Popma fecitIniciais xilográficasIndice, reclamos, apostillasExemplar procedente da Biblioteca de Jacobo María de Parga y PugaEncadernado en pastaAntigas signaturas: 42=9126Etiqueta pegada na folla de garda: "Legado del Excmo. Sor. Dn. Jacobo Mª de Parga y Puga, Año de 1850
European regional policy in light of recent location theories
No full textDespite large regional policy expenditures, regional inequalities in Europe have not narrowed substantially over the last two decades, and by some measures have even widened. Income differences across States have fallen, but inequalities between regions within each State have risen. European States have developed increasingly different production structures. And European regions have also become increasingly polarised in terms of their unemployment rates. This paper describes these trends, and discusses how recent location theories can help us to explain them and reconsider the role of regional policies, and specially of transport infrastructure improvements, in such an environment.regional policy; inequalities; transport infrastructure; location; Europe
City of dreams
No full textBigger cities offer more valuable experiences and opportunities in exchange for higher housing costs. While higher-ability workers benefit more from bigger cities, they are not more likely to move to one. Our model of urban sorting by workers with heterogeneous self-confidence and ability suggests flawed self-assessment is partly to blame. Analysis of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 data shows that, consistent with our model, young workers with high self-confidence are more
likely to locate in a big city initially. For more experienced workers, ability plays a stronger role in determining location choices, but the lasting impact of earlier choices dampens their incentives to move
La legitimidad de las intervenciones judiciales estructurales
No full textAunque las intervenciones judiciales estructurales tiene mas de un siglo en nuestro país, por las vías procesales tradicional, la habilitación constitucional de un tramite especifico allanó el camino para dejar atrás doctrinas prohibitivas de sospechada vaguedad, tales como la de las "cuestiones políticas no justiciables ", o las de los "derechos programáticos" no exigibles judicialmente. En este nuevo contexto de legitimidad, el ejercicio de la jurisdicción estructural, llevo a los analistas a sugerir la necesidad de una re lectura del o de los jueces, e incluso, una redefinición de la idea de "causa" del artículo 116 de CN. Se advirtió una tensión creciente entre este rol judicial re legitimado el principio de democracia representativa, en los tradicionales términos de que el pueblo no delibera ni gobierna si no a través de sus representantes (artículo 22 de CN).El enfoque del presente trabajo no aborda estos marcos generales de análisis y críticas, ni pretende hacer las re lectura pendientes. Busca, en cambio, caminar nos pasos antes. Intenta reflexionar sobre las razones específicas que fundamentarían la legitimidad de la función judicial estructural, intentando aportar elementos teóricos que contribuyan a aquellas posibles re lecturas. La contribución que se busca no es otra que la de un recuento analítico de razones, y alguna reflexiones sobre el peso específico de ellas en las distintas instancias de la intervención judicial. Si esto ayudara a ordenar los cimientos teóricos para evaluar el impacto decorativo de la jurisdicción estructural, el trabajo habría cumplido su objetivo.Fil: Puga, Mariela Gladys. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro Experimental de la Vivienda Económica; Argentin
From sectoral to functional urban specialisation
No full textStriking evidence is presented of a previously unremarked transformation of urban structure from mainly sectoral to mainly functional specialisation. We offer an explanation showing that this transformation is inextricably interrelated with changes in firms' organisation. A greater variety of business services for headquarters and of sector-specific intermediates for production plants within a city reduces costs, while congestion increases with city size. A fall in the costs of remote management leads to a transformation of the equilibrium urban and industrial structure. Cities shift from specialising by sector -- with integrated headquarters and plants -- to specialising mainly by function -- with headquarters and business services clustered in larger cities, and plants clustered in smaller cities.functional specialisation, cities, headquarters, business services
Wake up and Smell the Ginseng: International Trade and the Rise of Incremental Innovation in Low-Wage Countries
No full textIncreasingly, a small number of lowwage countries such as China, India and Mexico are involved in incremental innovation. That is, they are responsible for resolving productionline bugs and suggesting product improvements. We provide evidence of this new phenomenon and develop a model in which there is a transition from oldstyle productcycle trade to trade involving incremental innovation in lowwage countries. The model explains why levels of involvement in incremental innovation vary across lowwage countries and across firms within each lowwage country. We draw out implications for sectoral earnings, living standards, the capital account and, foremost, international trade in goods.international trade, lowwage country innovation
Nursery Cities: Urban diversity, process innovation, and the life-cycle of products
No full textThis paper develops microfoundations for the role that diversified cities play in fostering innovation. A simple model of process innovation is proposed, where firms learn about their ideal production process by making prototypes. We build around this a dynamic general-equilibrium model, and derive conditions under which diversified and specialised cities coexist. New products are developed in diversified cities, trying processes borrowed from different activities. On finding their ideal process, firms switch to mass production and relocate to specialised cities where production costs are lower. We find strong evidence of this pattern in establishment relocations across French employment areas 1993-1996.nursery cities; diversity; specialisation; innovation; learning, life-cycle
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