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INDUSTRIALIZATION AND PREFABRICATION OF THIN VAULTS AND SHELLS IN LATIN AMERICA DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY
No full textAfter World War II, the socio-economic difficulties in some Latin American countries often led to political instability conditions. In this complex context, solutions were adopted by some designers to meet looming needs: housing for populations reduced to poverty and the construction of strategic infrastructures. In these countries, starting from the 1940s, the introduction of new techniques and materials – such as concrete and steel – enabled the industrialization of building processes. This also allowed the experimentation of standardized models of thin vaults and shells using the traditional thin vaults, whose technique was imported from the Iberian Peninsula as a reference. The solution of “thin” vaults is one of the most interesting, given the peculiarities that distinguish it from other systems. The small thickness of such vaults derives from the consideration that their strength is determined by their shape and cohesive behavior, following the theories of R. Guastavino Moreno.
Based on these assumptions, this paper aims to review some solutions developed for the prefabrication of thin vaults and the construction of some remarkable buildings. Based on the principles of prefabrication and reinterpretation of the traditional construction technique, the solutions adopted in some emblematic buildings can be useful for suggesting the development of new technical solutions to put in place shells and thin vaults in the second millennium
Volte realine. Interventi di recupero e manutenzione
No full textThis paper refers to the analysis and characterisation of the so-called realine vaults, from a technical- constructive point of view. The realine vaults technique is a construction system for internal partitions used in the Western Sicily from the 18th century until the 1950s. Realine vaults are defined as a particular type of thin in folio vaults less than 10 cm thick. This type of technical element consists of thin clay bricks, measuring 12x25 cm and approximately 1 cm thick, laid with gypsum mortar to form several overlapping layers (the so-called in folio also used in other areas of the Italian peninsula), generally 2 or 3. As in the case of the bóvedas tabicadas typical of the Iberian area and from which the vaults in question are said to derive, the realine vaults resistance is due, not only to their material, but above all to their shape. Moreover, their cohesive behaviour follows the theory postulated by R. Guastavino Moreno. After an examination of the geometric characteristics and structural behaviour, made possible thanks to an extensive survey carried out in the Palermo area, the article describes the possible interventions, already put into practice o
Formworks in thin shell construction: past and present
No full textIn Architectural Engineering, thin shells represent two-dimensional structures in which the third dimension, the thickness, is significantly smaller than the others, which are thus prevailing. The thin-shell construction technique has its roots in Spanish bóvedas tabicadas (dating back to at least the 12th century), the construction of which has continued to the present day. The Spanish technique, in the different countries of the Mediterranean area to which it was exported (Portugal, France, Italy) has remained almost unchanged over time. However, the introduction of new building materials such as cement and steel at the end of the 19th century inevitably led to the experimentation of thin-shell structures characterised by greater slenderness and more complex shapes. Starting with Rafael Guastavino Moreno -who began to make improvements to the traditional technique-, and moving on to Eladio Dieste -who succeeded in fusing the qualities of bricks with those of reinforced concrete-, and Heinz Isler and Felix Candela -who, working in two different contexts, managed to improve the use of reinforced concrete-, we arrive to current constructions and experiments, in which the economy and ecological compatibility of the process are essential factors to be taken into account in the construction of modern shells.
After making a general overview on thin shells, the aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of some of the ribbing and formwork technologies used over time to build thin shells. Similarities and differences among the various types of shells will be highlighted, having been used shape, size, and materials as variables for the analyses. A brief analysis of the current experiments carried out to determine alternative formwork systems to those usually used also is described at the end of this paper
Resistere “per forma”. Le volte a guscio nella costruzione storica siciliana: il caso di Partinico
No full textThe paper is aimed to analyse “thin shells” particularly in the sense of “realine vaults” that represent a particular building element related to Partinico, a small town near Palermo, Sicily.
According to literature and analysis of case study there was in Partinico, especially between the 18th and 19th centuries, a wide spread of the building technique also known as “tabicada”, derived from Catalan workers who still make extensive use of it untill today.
Through reliefs and in-depth analyses of more than 100 realine vaults located both in the historic city center and in the countryside; both in religious and civil buildings, it was possible to recognize common characteristics that allow us to understand how these “realine vaults” – more than two centuries after their construction – can still support themselves and the accidental loads.
The creation and analysis of structural model of vaults, in particular the study of parameters and the measurements obtained by mathematical processes, have been described in the last part of the paper
Resist “by shape”. Shell vaults in historical Sicilian construction: the case of Partinico
No full textThe paper is aimed to analyse “thin shells” particularly in the sense of “realine vaults” that represent a particular building element related to Partinico, a small town near Palermo, Sicily.
According to literature and analysis of case study there was in Partinico, especially between the 18th and 19th centuries, a wide spread of the building technique also known as “tabicada”, derived from Catalan workers who still make extensive use of it untill today.
Through reliefs and in-depth analyses of more than 100 realine vaults located both in the historic city center and in the countryside; both in religious and civil buildings, it was possible to recognize common characteristics that allow us to understand how these “realine vaults” -more than two centuries after their construction- can still support themselves and the accidental loads.
The creation and analysis of structural model of vaults, in particular the study of parameters and the measurements obtained by mathematical processes, have been described in the last part of the paper
Escaleras tabicadas - Scale realine
No full textThe construction technique of the bóvedas tabicadas, or Catalan vaults, has evolved over time according to distinct variants depending on the different geographical locations and resources present there. In this sense, from the Spanish region of Catalonia, where the technique has proven its widest development, it has spread from the Languedoc-Roussillon area in France under the name of combles briquetes, or in Portugal in the form of abobadilhas alentejanas, to certain central European areas in Belgium and Germany, as well as in Italy, particularly Sicily, where the construction of so-called realine vaults has been attested at least since the 19th century. The procedure was mainly applied for the construction of vaults, of various shapes and sizes, useful for covering spaces. Nevertheless, its use, albeit on a more modest scale, also took place for the construction of other elements useful to the building, such as internal partitions or vertical connection structures, namely staircases, which in some cases exceptional levels of cleverness were reached. It is precisely to the deep study of the latter that this dissertation is oriented which starts from the description of the peculiar characteristics of the Catalan escaleras tabicadas, to the in-depth study of certain types of realine staircases found in Partinico, in Sicilian territory
Formworks in Thin Shell Construction: Past and Present
No full textIn Architectural Engineering, thin shells represent two-dimensional structures in which the third dimension, the thickness, is significantly smaller than the others, which are thus prevailing. The thin-shell construction technique has its roots in Spanish bóvedas tabicadas (dating back to at least the 12th century), the construction of which has continued to the present day. The Spanish technique, in the different countries of the Mediterranean area where it was exported (Portugal, France, Italy) has remained almost unchanged over time. However, the introduction of new building materials such as cement and steel at the end of the 19th century inevitably led to the experimentation of thin-shell structures characterised by greater slenderness and more complex shapes. Starting with Rafael Guastavino Moreno -who began to make improvements to the traditional technique-, and moving on to Eladio Dieste -who succeeded in fusing the qualities of bricks with those of reinforced concrete-, and Heinz Isler and Felix Candela -who, working in two different contexts, managed to improve the use of reinforced concrete-, we arrive to current constructions and experiments, in which the economy and ecological compatibility of the process are essential factors to be taken into account in the construction of thin shells.
After a general overview on thin shells, the aim of the paper is to provide an analysis of some of the ribbing and formwork technologies used over time to build them. Similarities and differences among the various types of shells will be highlighted, having been used shape, size, and materials as variables for the analyses. A brief description of the current experiments carried out to determine alternative formwork systems to those usually used also is described at the end of the paper
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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