1,720,956 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
In-vitro evaluation of factors that affect the performance of lipid-based drug delivery systems
No full textDevelopment of formulations containing poorly water-soluble drugs (PWSDS) incorporated in lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) poses a great challenge to scientists (both, at academia and industry) across the globe. To date there are no standard in vitro protocols for formulation scientists which predict their performance in-vivo. This thesis addresses various key issues that are important in development of LBDDS. Chapter 1 sets the work in context by reviewing the published literature. Work carried out in Chapter 2: addressed the issue of "non-completion of lipolysis" as this has been attributed by many authors to be one factor that limits the use of in vitro digestion tests, and limits the degree of in vitro- in vivo correlation (IVIVC) that can be achieved. This study has investigated the effect of increasing calcium and bile salt (BS) concentration on the in vitro digestion of a long-chain triglyceride (soybean oil) in order to understand how these factors will affect the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs delivered in lipid vehicles. The solubility of two model poorly-water soluble drugs (fenofibrate and Danazol ) in the aqueous phase digests obtained via digestion of a long-chain triglyceride, LCT (soybean oil), increased significantly in each of the conditions (fasting and fed), by comparison with respective controls, irrespective of the molar concentration of calcium employed in the media. Systems containing 40 mM calcium concentration (high levels of calcium used in the study) when compared to that containing 5 mM calcium, had a lower capacity for solubilization of either drug in aqueous phases after digestion, in both fed and fasting conditions. This was thought to be attributed to the formation of large amount of insoluble calcium soaps which were observed (as a precipitate) during our experiments. Formation of calcium soaps has been reported elsewhere (MacGregor et al., 1997, Hu et al., 2010, Zangenberg et al., 2001a). Soap formation may occur upon an interaction of calcium with the bile salt component of the solubilized species (Fatouros et al., 2009) when calcium is in excess. In conclusion, from our data, although high calcium concentration may prove beneficial with respect to bringing the lipolysis to completion, the addition of calcium ions should be conducted with caution because it interferes with the solubilisation of poorly water soluble drugs. Therefore, it can be anticpated that high concentrations of calcium in the system during in vitro lipolysis will result in a poor model for correlation in vivo. A second focus of this thesis is discussed in Chapter 3: describes an investigation of a series of closely related SEDDS viz. Type II and Type IIIA as defined by the Lipid Formulation Classification System (LFCS) (Pouton, 2006b, Pouton, 2000b), all of which contained fenofibrate as model drug. A variety of factors influencing the performance of these systems during in vitro dispersion and digestion tests were studied. The results were interpreted based on the level/extent of supersaturation attained during these in vitro processes to gain an insight into formulation performance and to establish guidelines for formulators. Emphasis was placed on the effects of lipid composition (long-chain vs. medium-chain) and the surfactant type (hydrophilic vs. lipophilic) on the solubilization properties of these formulations during dispersion and digestion. Despite generating diverse formulations by altering the nature of oils and blends of oils which made up the lipid component, the dispersion results showed that Type II formulations (containing Tween 85, a lipophilic surfactant) always supported drug in solubilized form (100%) for at least 4 days (in the absence of digestion), Type III formulations on the other hand were unable to maintain all of the drug in solubilized form on dispersion, though they maintained greater than 70% of drug in solubilized form for 4 days. Most of the loss of drug in the form of precipitate occurred after the initial 4 hours.. The degree of supersaturation generated during dispersion was estimated by determining the solubility of fenofibrate in dispersed formulations. Type III formulations were supersaturated and drug was maintained in this meta-stable state for up to 4 hours and after which drug was lost to some extent in the form of precipitate. Type II systems were not supersaturated. Considering the transit time of all the formulations in the intestine was expected to be 3-4 hours, clearly Type II and Type IIIA formulations, prior to digestion, met the primary performance requirement for drugs meant to be administered orally. After dynamic digestion studies, the ability of each of these formulations (Type II and Type IIIA) to maintain drug in a solubilized state was highly dependent on both, the lipid composition and the choice of surfactant. For example, medium-chain lipids exhibited very good solubilizing properties in the dispersed state, but resulted in a higher degree of supersaturation on digestion, leading to higher susceptibility to drug precipitation. Results from the digestion studies showed that replacing long-chain lipids with medium-chain lipids in Type II and IIIA LBDDS is likely to promote supersaturation on digestion. Utilization of long-chain instead of medium-chain triglycerides in LBDDS prevents the development of sudden and higher degrees of supersaturation and consequently reduces the risk of precipitation (Kossena et al., 2003a). The present digestion studies in Chapter 3: have indicated that this approach alone will not work for all drugs. For fenofibrate, various other strategies needs to be explored to prevent drug precipitation from formulations, such as lowering the drug load (Williams et al., 2012a), employing polymer-based precipitation inhibitors (Anby et al., 2012c), and/or by the careful selection of surfactants (Cuine et al., 2008a). Without careful consideration of drug loading and choice of surfactant in Type II/IIIA medium-chain lipid formulations, there is a high risk of precipitation of drug in the intestine. Critical to the utility of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) in oral bioavailability enhancement is a capacity to both generate and maintain supersaturation following dispersion and digestion processes in the gastro-intestinal tract. Studies carried out in Chapter 4: investigated the effect of drug-type and drug loading on supersaturation in digested SEDDS consisting of long-chain lipids and a range of chemically diverse nonionic surfactants. Supersaturation is described in terms of the maximum supersaturation ratio (SRM) attained on initiation of digestion. Calculated from the maximum attainable concentration in the test (a function of drug loading) and the drug solubility in the colloidal phases formed by digestion of the SEDDS, SRM defines the maximum supersaturation pressure in the digestion experiment and proves to be a remarkable indicator of performance across a range of formulations. SEDDS containing danazol showed little evidence of precipitation on digestion, even at drug loads approaching saturation in the formulation. In contrast, fenofibrate extensively crystallized on digestion of the same SEDDS. The performance differential of danazol and fenofibrate-containing SEDDS however could be rationalized by the much higher SRM values generated by fenofibrate. And on further analysis of formulations containing various fenofibrate loads, a threshold SRM of ~2.6 was identified in 6 of the 7 SEDDS above which supersaturation could not be maintained. Near this threshold, performance became increasingly variable and most sensitive to surfactant-type, though overall, the SRM attained on digestion was most predictive of performance
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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