5 research outputs found
Export of Indian Silk Goods
No full text The study of recent trends of export of Indian silk goods reveals that mulberry silk goods shared to the extent of 95 per cent and other silk items such as tasar and mixed silk fabrics together contributed 5 per cent of total silk export during 1990-2000. The growth rates for quantity and value of export for all mulberry silk goods together were estimated to be 0.49 and 7.98 per cent during the same period. The variety-wise export analysis shows that dress material and readymade garments put together shared 62.37 per cent of total export value during 1990-1991, their share declined to 60.42 per cent in 2000-2001. The growth rates of country-wise export earnings showed that Hong Kong, France and Italy were 16.04, 13.95 and 10.00 per cent for 1990-91 to 1999-2000. India has huge potential for increasing export earnings as it has better comparative advantages than that of China. Therefore, India has to make more efforts in increasing quality silk production to meet the growing domestic and export demands of silk products in near future. </jats:p
Impact of Japan International Co-Operation Agency (JICA) Extension Project on Quality Silk Production: a Case Study
No full textSericulture, as an agro-based enterprise, occupies an important position in Indian economy due to its high employment potential, low capital intensive and remunerative nature of the production that churns out value added products of economic importance. India is the second largest producer of raw silk, next only to China accounting for more than 13 per cent of the global silk production. The total annual production of raw silk in India was 18.48 thousand MT, of which mulberry raw silk output aggregated to about 16.53 thousand MT during 2006-07. However, the major concern of the Indian silk industry is the low level of quality and productivity as compared to other major silk producing countries such as China and Brazil. The major reason for the above problem is that the silk is produced by the use of crossbreed cocoons for reeling raw silk. The silk reeled out of these crossbreed cocoons produced in India reaches a maximum grade of C by the international standards. This silk is not preferred in the high-speed looms and mill sectors due to less uniformity, short filament length, more winding breaks and high degumming losses as compared to imported silk (Naik and Babu, 199
Obtenção de extrato de erva baleeira (Cordia verbenacea D.C.) por diferentes técnicas: medida da atividade biológica, modelagem matemática e determinação do equilíbrio de fases
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos.A erva baleeira (Cordia verbenacea) é uma planta da Família das Borraginaceae, encontrada nas restingas marítimas de quase todo o litoral brasileiro, sendo mais comumente encontrada no trecho compreendido entre os Estados de Santa Catarina e São Paulo. Devido ao seu perfil de composição, a erva baleeira possui propriedades antiinflamatória e cicatrizante sendo indicada para o tratamento de reumatismo, artrite reumatóide, tendinite, dores lombares e musculares e nevralgias. Os compostos da classe dos sesquiterpenos encontrados em seus extratos como a-humuleno e trans-cariofileno são os principais responsáveis pela sua atividade antiinflamatória. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a qualidade dos extratos de erva baleeira obtidos a partir da tecnologia supercrítica através da comparação, em termos de rendimento de processo, composição dos extratos e atividade biológica, com os extratos obtidos a partir das técnicas convencionais de extração (maceração seguida de fracionamento com solventes orgânicos, extração soxhlet e hidrodestilação) e também com o uso de etanol e acetato de etila como co-solventes junto à ESC. Os extratos supercríticos de erva baleeira foram obtidos numa faixa de pressão de 100 a 300 bar e temperatura de 30, 40 e 50ºC com densidade do solvente variando de 0,385 a 0,948 g/cm3 sendo o maior rendimento de 5,0% para a condição de extração de 300 bar e 50ºC. Foram utilizados solventes orgânicos de diferentes polaridades na extração convencional como: hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etila, etanol, acetona e misturas aquosas de 25 e 50% (etanol/água). O etanol e o acetato de etila foram utilizados nas concentrações de 2, 5 e 8% em massa como co-solventes na ESC, proporcionando rendimentos de até 8,6%. Foram identificados importantes compostos nos extratos de erva baleeira como a-humuleno, trans-cariofileno, espatulenol, cariofileno óxido, b-sitosterol e artemetina. Também foi avaliada, através do método DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil), método ABTS (2,2#-azino-bis-(3-etil-benzotiazolna-6-ácido sulfônico), radical ânion superóxido e proteção contra a peroxidação lipídica a atividade antioxidante dos extratos obtidos com as diferentes tecnologias. O conteúdo de compostos fenólicos presente nos extratos foi determinado através do método de Folin-Ciocalteau. A erva baleeira se mostrou uma importante fonte de compostos com atividade antioxidante com destaque para os extratos: fração acetato de etila da maceração, misturas aquosas etanol/água e extrato acetato de etila da soxhlet que apresentaram as maiores capacidades antioxidantes. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada e os extratos supercríticos mostraram forte inibição antimicrobiana principalmente contra bactérias Gram-positivas com destaque para o extrato obtido com CO2 puro a 30ºC e 300 bar. Para a descrição da cinética de extração do sistema extrato de erva baleeira + CO2 supercrítico foram empregados diferentes modelos de transferência de massa apresentados na literatura. O modelo de Sovová (1994) foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais e a convecção se mostrou como principal mecanismo de transferência de massa e a difusão como fator limitante. Foi investigado experimentalmente o comportamento de fases dos sistemas binários contendo a-humuleno + CO2 e trans-cariofileno + CO2 e do sistema ternário formado por a-humuleno + trans-cariofileno + CO2, através do método estático sintético. Os resultados experimentais obtidos no estudo do equilíbrio de fases apresentaram transições de fases do tipo líquidovapor, líquido-líquido e líquido-líquido-vapor. Cordia verbenacea is a plant from the Borraginaceae family, widely find along the southeastern coast of Brazil, especially between the states of Santa Catarina and São Paulo. Due to its composition profile, Cordia verbenacea presents anti-inflammatory and healing properties, being indicated for treatment of rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, tendonitis, muscle and back pain and neuralgia. The compounds from the sesquiterpene class present in Cordia verbenacea extracts, such as a-humulene and trans-caryophyllene, are the main responsible for its antiinflammatory activity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of Cordia verbenacea extracts obtained by supercritical technology and compare, in terms of process yield, extracts composition and biological activity, with extracts obtained by conventional extraction techniques (maceration followed by fractionation with organic solvents, soxhlet extraction and hydrodistillation). The supercritical method was also improved by using ethanol and acetate ethyl as co-solvents. The supercritical extracts of Cordia verbenacea were obtained in a range of pressure from 100 to 300 bar and 30, 40 and 50°C of temperature with density of solvent varying from 0.385 a 0.948 g/cm3, being the largest extraction yield of 5.0% for the extraction condition of 300 bar and 50°C. The organic solvents of different polarity, used in conventional methods were: hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, ethanol, acetone and aqueous mixtures of 25 and 50% (ethanol / water). Ethanol and ethyl acetate were used in concentrations of 2.5 and 8% in mass as co-solvents in the supercritical extraction, providing yields up to 8.6%. Relevant compounds were identified in extracts of Cordia verbenacea as a-humulene, trans-caryophyllene, spathulenol, caryophyllene oxide, b-sitosterol and artemetin. The potential of the extracts were evaluated by the methods DPPH (2,2 - diphenyl - 1 - picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2#- azinobis - 3 - ethylbenzothiazoline 6 - ulfonate), superoxide anion radical and protection against lipid peroxidation, in order to detect the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained by the different extraction technologies. The content of phenolic compounds present in the extracts was determined by the method of Folin-Ciocalteau. Cordia verbenacea has showed itself an important source of compounds with antioxidant activity, especially for the ethyl acetate fraction (maceration), ethanol/water mixtures and ethyl acetate from soxhlet method which presented the highest antioxidant capacity. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated and the supercritical extracts showed high antimicrobial inhibition, especially against gram-positive bacteria with emphasis to the extract obtained by CO2 at 30ºC and 300 bar. The kinetic description of the system Cordia verbenacea + supercritical CO2 was performed by different mass transfer models, presented in literature. The Sovová (1994) model show the best adjustment with experimental data and the convection was indicated as the main mass transfer mechanism, with diffusion as a limiting factor. The phase behavior was investigated for the binary systems containing a-humulene + CO2 and trans-caryophyllene + CO2 and for the binary system formed by a-humulene + trans-caryophyllene + CO2, through the static synthetic method. The experimental results obtained in the study of equilibrium phases showed transition of phases of the type liquid-vapour, liquid-liquid and iquid-liquid-vapour
