1,720,965 research outputs found
Exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air : mesure par capteurs miniatures, modélisation et évaluation des risques sanitaires associés
No full textAir pollution contributes to the degradation of the quality of life and the reduction of life expectancy of the populations. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to the aggravation of respiratory diseases, causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution has therefore significant health consequences on human life and biodiversity. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the field of microcontrollers and telecommunications modules. These are more energy efficient, powerful, affordable, accessible, and are responsible for the growth of connected objects. In the meantime, the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and electrochemical sensors has allowed the miniaturization of technologies measuring many environmental parameters including air quality. These technological breakthroughs have enabled the design and production in an academic environment, of portable, connected, autonomous air quality sensors capable of performing acquisitions at a high temporal frequency. Until recently, one of the major obstacles to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health was the inability to track the real exposure of individuals during their daily lives; air pollution is complex, and varies according to the habits, activities and environments in which individuals spend their lives. Portable air quality sensors completely remove this obstacle as well as a number of other important constraints. These are designed to be used in mobility, over long periods of time, and produce immediately available granular data, which describes the exposure to air pollution of the person wearing it. Although the measurement modules embedded in these sensors are not currently as reliable as reference tools or remote sensing, when it comes to assessing individual exposure to air pollution, because they are as close as possible to the wearer, they provide the most accurate information, and are therefore an indispensable tool for the future of epidemiological research. In this context, we have been involved in the development and improvement of two air quality sensors; the CANARIN II and the CANARIN nano. The CANARIN II is a connected sensor communicating via Wi-Fi, which reports the concentration of 10, 2.5 and 1 micrometer diameter particles, as well as the environmental parameters of temperature, humidity, and pressure, every minute, making them available in real time. The CANARIN nano is a smaller sensor with the same capabilities of the CANARIN II, while additionally sensing volatile organic compounds levels. The CANARIN nano is able to operate autonomously, as it communicates through the cellular network. Two types of results have been obtained with the CANARIN sensors; on one hand, results produced from their use in real life conditions, and on the other hand, results related to the interpretation and understanding of the measurements produced by the particle sensors. These two sensors were both used in two research projects, in which we have helped deploy several heterogeneous sensor fleets and analyzed the acquired data. Firstly, in the POLLUSCOPE project funded by the French National Research Agency, where 86 volunteers from the general population wore a set of air pollution sensors for a total of 101 weeks, 35 of which the volunteers were also equipped with health sensors. Secondly, in the POLLAR project, where 43 subjects underwent polysomnography and then wore one CANARIN sensor for 10 days, thus allowing for the first time to explore the link between sleep apnea and particulate matter exposure. [...]La pollution de l’air contribue à dégrader la qualité de vie et à réduire l’espérance de vie des populations. L’organisation mondiale de la santé estime que la pollution de l’air est responsable de 7 millions de morts par an dans le monde. Elle participe à aggraver les maladies respiratoires, cause des cancers du poumon et des crises cardiaques. La pollution de l’air a donc des conséquences sanitaires importantes sur la vie humaine et la biodiversité. Ces dernières années, des progrès considérables ont été réalisés dans le domaine des microcontrôleurs et des modules de télécommunications. Ces derniers sont de plus efficients énergétiquement, performants, abordables, accessibles et sont responsables de l’émergence des objets connectés. Parallèlement, les récents développements des microsystèmes électromécaniques et des capteurs électrochimiques ont permis la miniaturisation des technologies permettant de mesurer de nombreux paramètres environnementaux dont la qualité de l’air. Ces avancées technologiques ont ainsi permis la conception et la production dans un cadre académique de capteurs de la qualité de l’air, portatifs, connectés, autonomes et en capacité de réaliser des acquisitions à une fréquence temporelle élevée. Jusqu’à récemment, l’un des majeurs freins à la compréhension de l’impact de la pollution de l’air sur la santé fut l’impossibilité de connaître l’exposition réelle des individus durant leur vie quotidienne ; la pollution de l’air est complexe et varie en fonction des habitudes, des activités et environnements empruntés par les individus. Ces capteurs portatifs de la qualité de l’air permettent donc de lever entièrement ce frein ainsi qu’un nombre important de contraintes. Ils sont conçus pour être utilisables en mobilité, sur de longues périodes et produisent des données granulaires, immédiatement disponibles, décrivant l’exposition à la pollution de l’air du porteur. Bien que les modules de mesure embarqués dans ces capteurs ne soient aujourd’hui pas aussi performants que les instruments de références ou la télédétection, lorsqu’il s’agit d’évaluer l’exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air, parce qu'ils sont au plus proche des individus, ils permettent d’obtenir l’information la plus fidèle et constituent donc un outil indispensable pour l’avenir de la recherche épidémiologique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons participé au développement et à l’amélioration de deux capteurs de la qualité de l’air ; le CANARIN II et le CANARIN nano. Le CANARIN II est un capteur connecté communiquant par Wi-Fi, qui rapporte les concentrations de particules de diamètre 10, 2.5 et 1 micromètre, ainsi que les paramètres environnementaux de température, humidité et pression, chaque minute et les rend disponible en temps réel. Le CANARIN nano est, quant à lui, un capteur de plus petite taille, possédant les mêmes capacités que le CANARIN II, tout en faisant additionnellement l’acquisition des composés organiques volatils. Il est en capacité de fonctionner de manière autonome, puisque communiquant par réseau cellulaire. Deux types de résultats ont été obtenus avec les capteurs CANARIN ; d’une part, des résultats produits à partir de leur utilisation dans des conditions de vie réelle, d'autre part, des résultats en lien avec l'interprétation et la compréhension des mesures produites par les capteurs de particules dont les CANARINs sont équipés. Ces deux capteurs furent ainsi tous deux exploités par deux projets de recherche, au sein desquels nous avons accompagné le déploiement de plusieurs flottes de capteurs hétérogènes et réalisé l’analyse des données acquises. [...
Individual exposure to air pollution : measurement by miniature sensors, modeling and assessment of associated health risks
No full textLa pollution de l’air contribue à dégrader la qualité de vie et à réduire l’espérance de vie des populations. L’organisation mondiale de la santé estime que la pollution de l’air est responsable de 7 millions de morts par an dans le monde. Elle participe à aggraver les maladies respiratoires, cause des cancers du poumon et des crises cardiaques. La pollution de l’air a donc des conséquences sanitaires importantes sur la vie humaine et la biodiversité. Ces dernières années, des progrès considérables ont été réalisés dans le domaine des microcontrôleurs et des modules de télécommunications. Ces derniers sont de plus efficients énergétiquement, performants, abordables, accessibles et sont responsables de l’émergence des objets connectés. Parallèlement, les récents développements des microsystèmes électromécaniques et des capteurs électrochimiques ont permis la miniaturisation des technologies permettant de mesurer de nombreux paramètres environnementaux dont la qualité de l’air. Ces avancées technologiques ont ainsi permis la conception et la production dans un cadre académique de capteurs de la qualité de l’air, portatifs, connectés, autonomes et en capacité de réaliser des acquisitions à une fréquence temporelle élevée. Jusqu’à récemment, l’un des majeurs freins à la compréhension de l’impact de la pollution de l’air sur la santé fut l’impossibilité de connaître l’exposition réelle des individus durant leur vie quotidienne ; la pollution de l’air est complexe et varie en fonction des habitudes, des activités et environnements empruntés par les individus. Ces capteurs portatifs de la qualité de l’air permettent donc de lever entièrement ce frein ainsi qu’un nombre important de contraintes. Ils sont conçus pour être utilisables en mobilité, sur de longues périodes et produisent des données granulaires, immédiatement disponibles, décrivant l’exposition à la pollution de l’air du porteur. Bien que les modules de mesure embarqués dans ces capteurs ne soient aujourd’hui pas aussi performants que les instruments de références ou la télédétection, lorsqu’il s’agit d’évaluer l’exposition individuelle à la pollution de l’air, parce qu'ils sont au plus proche des individus, ils permettent d’obtenir l’information la plus fidèle et constituent donc un outil indispensable pour l’avenir de la recherche épidémiologique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons participé au développement et à l’amélioration de deux capteurs de la qualité de l’air ; le CANARIN II et le CANARIN nano. Le CANARIN II est un capteur connecté communiquant par Wi-Fi, qui rapporte les concentrations de particules de diamètre 10, 2.5 et 1 micromètre, ainsi que les paramètres environnementaux de température, humidité et pression, chaque minute et les rend disponible en temps réel. Le CANARIN nano est, quant à lui, un capteur de plus petite taille, possédant les mêmes capacités que le CANARIN II, tout en faisant additionnellement l’acquisition des composés organiques volatils. Il est en capacité de fonctionner de manière autonome, puisque communiquant par réseau cellulaire. Deux types de résultats ont été obtenus avec les capteurs CANARIN ; d’une part, des résultats produits à partir de leur utilisation dans des conditions de vie réelle, d'autre part, des résultats en lien avec l'interprétation et la compréhension des mesures produites par les capteurs de particules dont les CANARINs sont équipés. Ces deux capteurs furent ainsi tous deux exploités par deux projets de recherche, au sein desquels nous avons accompagné le déploiement de plusieurs flottes de capteurs hétérogènes et réalisé l’analyse des données acquises. [...]Air pollution contributes to the degradation of the quality of life and the reduction of life expectancy of the populations. The World Health Organization estimates that air pollution is responsible for 7 million deaths per year worldwide. It contributes to the aggravation of respiratory diseases, causes lung cancer and heart attacks. Air pollution has therefore significant health consequences on human life and biodiversity. Over the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the field of microcontrollers and telecommunications modules. These are more energy efficient, powerful, affordable, accessible, and are responsible for the growth of connected objects. In the meantime, the recent development of microelectromechanical systems and electrochemical sensors has allowed the miniaturization of technologies measuring many environmental parameters including air quality. These technological breakthroughs have enabled the design and production in an academic environment, of portable, connected, autonomous air quality sensors capable of performing acquisitions at a high temporal frequency. Until recently, one of the major obstacles to understanding the impact of air pollution on human health was the inability to track the real exposure of individuals during their daily lives; air pollution is complex, and varies according to the habits, activities and environments in which individuals spend their lives. Portable air quality sensors completely remove this obstacle as well as a number of other important constraints. These are designed to be used in mobility, over long periods of time, and produce immediately available granular data, which describes the exposure to air pollution of the person wearing it. Although the measurement modules embedded in these sensors are not currently as reliable as reference tools or remote sensing, when it comes to assessing individual exposure to air pollution, because they are as close as possible to the wearer, they provide the most accurate information, and are therefore an indispensable tool for the future of epidemiological research. In this context, we have been involved in the development and improvement of two air quality sensors; the CANARIN II and the CANARIN nano. The CANARIN II is a connected sensor communicating via Wi-Fi, which reports the concentration of 10, 2.5 and 1 micrometer diameter particles, as well as the environmental parameters of temperature, humidity, and pressure, every minute, making them available in real time. The CANARIN nano is a smaller sensor with the same capabilities of the CANARIN II, while additionally sensing volatile organic compounds levels. The CANARIN nano is able to operate autonomously, as it communicates through the cellular network. Two types of results have been obtained with the CANARIN sensors; on one hand, results produced from their use in real life conditions, and on the other hand, results related to the interpretation and understanding of the measurements produced by the particle sensors. These two sensors were both used in two research projects, in which we have helped deploy several heterogeneous sensor fleets and analyzed the acquired data. Firstly, in the POLLUSCOPE project funded by the French National Research Agency, where 86 volunteers from the general population wore a set of air pollution sensors for a total of 101 weeks, 35 of which the volunteers were also equipped with health sensors. Secondly, in the POLLAR project, where 43 subjects underwent polysomnography and then wore one CANARIN sensor for 10 days, thus allowing for the first time to explore the link between sleep apnea and particulate matter exposure. [...
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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