1,720,956 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Die Auswirkung von Dusp16 auf die Proliferation von Knochenmark-derivierten dendritischen Zellen
Get PDFBackground and objectives:
The immune response is initiated by various intracellular and extracellular stimuli in every organism. In that sense, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) play a crucial role within intracellular signaling pathways. A complex network of phosphatases regulates the MAPK activity tightly. These include the dual specificity phosphatases (Dusps) which modulate the immune response in a positive or negative fashion indirectly. Hence, they have become therapeutic targets in recent years. Dusp16 in particular was linked to the formation of various neoplasms and drug resistances, as well as the regulation of perinatal survival and proliferation of certain immune cells. The latter is being investigated in detail in this doctoral dissertation in order to provide better knowledge about the function of the immune system.
Material and methods:
The integration of a gene trap into the murine locus of Dusp16 of an embryonal stem cell line made studies of a functionally Dusp16-deficient mouse model possible. However, Dusp16trap/trap mice proved perinatally not to be viable, so that fetal liver cells were isolated and used for the reconstitution of the immune system from lethally irradiated mice. The reconstituted Dusp16trap/trap and Dusp16+/+ bone marrow cells (BMCs) were harvested from major leg bones and used for subsequent experiments. Firstly, the effect of Dusp16 on the proliferation of BMCs under various stimulation conditions was investigated by manual cell counting and proliferation assays. The effect of growth factors upon the expression of Dusp16 mRNA isoforms was analyzed by performing a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT- PCR). Immunoblotting was applied to detect changes in the phosphorylation status of important MAPKs and transcription factors in Dusp16-deficient cells. Finally, by means of flow cytometry it was possible to examine the rate of apoptosis and necrosis in Dusp16-deficient cells and to identify the different cell types. In addition, the GM-CSF receptor expression was demonstrated.
Results and observations:
In studying the influence of Dusp16 on the proliferation of BMCs, attention was directed to the differentiation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) induced by GM- CSF, as previous experiments gave a hint towards a reduced differentiation potential of Dusp16-deficient cells. These studies verified a reduced differentiation potential of Dusp16-deficient BMCs in response to stimulation with GM-CSF. Hereafter, further experiments were conducted to mechanistically explain this observation. Those revealed a reduced amount of Dusp16-deficient monocytes after GM-CSF stimulation, that are regarded as direct precursor cells of DCs. Only inconclusive changes in the phosphorylation status of MAPKs in Dusp16-deficient cells were observed. However, an increased phosphorylation of STAT5, a transcription factor that plays a role in the differentiation of murine BMDCs, provided an indication for the reduced differentiation of Dusp16-deficient BMDCs. In addition, neither an increased rate of apoptosis or necrosis, nor an altered expression of the GM-CSF receptor in Dusp16-deficient BMDCs were found to justify the decreased differentiation potential.
Conclusion:
The results proved a Dusp16-dependent differentiation of BMCs into BMDCs after stimulation with GM-CSF. A possible explanation for this is the decreased proliferation potential of Dusp16-deficient monocytes. This new insight into the function of Dusp16 within the immune system provides an incentive for new research in the area of BMCs and DCs.Hintergrund und Ziele:
Die Immunantwort stellt die Reaktion eines Organismus auf intra- und extrazelluläre Reize dar. Dabei wird der Verlauf der Immunantwort durch die Mitogen-aktivierten Proteinkinasen (MAPKs) mitbestimmt, die eine wichtige Rolle in intrazellulären Signalwegen spielen. Die MAPK-Aktivität selbst wird unter anderem durch ein komplexes Netzwerk von Phosphatasen reguliert. Hierzu zählen die dual-spezifischen Phosphatasen (Dusps), welche die Immunantwort indirekt positiv oder negativ modulieren können. Dadurch sind sie in den Fokus von immunmodifizierenden Therapieansätzen gerückt. Speziell Dusp16 wurde in Verbindung mit der Entstehung von Neoplasien, Arzneimittelresistenzen, der Regulation des perinatalen Überlebens und der Proliferation von Immunzellen gebracht. Letzteres soll in dieser Dissertation näher untersucht werden und zu einem verbesserten Grundlagenwissen des Immunsystems beitragen.
Material und Methoden:
Die Integration einer sogenannten „Gene trap“ im murinen Dusp16-Lokus einer embryonalen Stammzelllinie ermöglichte die Etablierung einer funktionell Dusp16- defizienten transgenen Mauslinie. Diese Dusp16trap/trap Mäuse erwiesen sich jedoch perinatal als nicht lebensfähig, sodass fetale Leberzellen isoliert und zur Rekonstitution des Immunsystems von lethal bestrahlten Mäusen verwendet wurden. Die rekonstituierten Dusp16trap/trap und Dusp16+/+ Knochenmarkzellen (BMCs) wurden aus Mäuseknochen gewonnen und für alle weiteren Experimente verwendet. Der Effekt von Dusp16 auf die Proliferation von BMCs unter verschiedenen Stimulationsbedingungen wurde mit Hilfe von manuellen Zellzählungen und Proliferationsassays untersucht. Die Expression der Dusp16 mRNA-Isoformen wurde mittels quantitativer Reverse-Transkriptase-Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (qRT-PCR) festgehalten. Mit spezifischen Antikörpern im Western Blot wurde die Auswirkung von Dusp16 auf den Phosphorylierungsstatus wichtiger MAPKs und Transkriptionsfaktoren untersucht. Die Apoptose- und Nekroserate Dusp16-defizienter Zellen wurde mit der Durchflusszytometrie quantifiziert. Hiermit konnten auch einzelne Zelltypen und deren GM-CSF-Rezeptorexpression identifiziert werden.
Ergebnisse und Beobachtungen:
Bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses von Dusp16 auf die Proliferation von BMCs wurde das Augenmerk auf die Differenzierung in Knochenmark-derivierte dendritische Zellen (BMDCs) durch eine GM-CSF-Stimulation gelegt. Vorangegangene Experimente wiesen auf ein verringertes Differenzierungspotenzial von Dusp16- defizienten BMCs hin. In den hier vorliegenden Ergebnissen konnte ein reduziertes Proliferationspotenzial von Dusp16-defizienten BMCs nach GM-CSF-Stimulation eindeutig belegt werden. Als eine Ursache hierfür wurden verringerte Zellzahlen von Dusp16-defizienten Monozyten nach GM-CSF-Stimulation nachgewiesen, die als direkte Vorläuferzelle der BMDCs gelten. Damit einhergehende Veränderungen des Phosphorylierungsstatus von MAPKs wurden hingegen nicht beobachtet. Es zeigte sich jedoch ansatzweise eine erhöhte Phosphorylierung des Transkriptionsfaktors STAT5, der bei der Differenzierung von murinen BMDCs eine Rolle spielt und somit mitverantwortlich für die reduzierte Differenzierung von Dusp16-defizienten BMDCs sein könnte. Eine erhöhte Apoptose- oder Nekroserate konnte in Dusp16-defizienten BMDCs nicht nachgewiesen werden. Ebenso wurde keine reduzierte GM-CSF- Rezeptorexpression festgestellt.
Schlussfolgerungen:
Es ist uns gelungen, ein verringertes Proliferationspotenzial von Dusp16-defizienten BMCs nach GM-CSF-Stimulation nachzuweisen. Erklärend hierfür dürfte eine Dusp16- abhängige Differenzierung von Monozyten sein. Diese Erkenntnis über die Funktion von Dusp16 innerhalb des Immunsystems soll neue Anreize für die experimentelle Forschung im Bereich der BMCs und DCs schaffen
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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