1,085 research outputs found
The taxonomy of plant viruses in Taiwan - 2013
No full text蒐集台灣歷年來自然感染植物的病毒(virus)及類病毒(viroid)之相關資料，至2013年五月共收錄有140種(species)，依國際病毒分類委員會(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses，ICTV)分類標準，台灣的植物病毒有部份屬於未定分類地位外，其餘分屬於33屬16科3目。其結果在文中按分類階層並依學名字母順序列出，期能充分地呈現本地的植物病毒資訊，以供植物檢疫防疫及病毒學研究的參考。
Totally, 140 recorded species of virus or viroid naturally infecting plants in Taiwan were listed in this paper. Based on the taxonomic rules developed by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), all these species, besides the unassigned taxa, were classified to 3 orders, 16 families, and 33 genera. All the enlisted classification taxa are arranged in a hierarchy from order to species and are sorted by alphabetical orders of their scientific names. Hopefully, this paper will provide for general information referred to quarantine and virology
Comparative Studies on Pathogenlcity, Serology, and Occurrence of Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus B Strain and Sugarcane Meaalc Virus Strains in Taiwan
No full text根據病毒的血清學特性及對六個玉米栽培品種的病原性，玉米矮化嵌紋病毒B型系統(MDMV-B)可與各個甘蔗嵌紋病毒(SCMV)系統區別。一般MDMV-B比各個SCMV系統對供試的玉米栽培品種都有較強的病原性，MDMV-B可在任何季節感染臺農351，且使各品種玉米發病快而感染率高，其他SCMV系統僅能在高溫期感染臺農351，若在低溫期則於二十四天接種後仍未出現病徵，但MDMV-B接種後七天即開始發病。瓊脂擴散反應中，MDMV-B抗血清對各個SCMV系統均有異源(heterologous)反應，其沈澱帶與同源的(homofogous) MDMV-B所形成的呈刺狀(spur)；另純化S-1 isofate病毒製成抗血清，以MDMV-B感染之玉米粗汁液交互吸收，此抗血清不再與MDMV-B反應，但是與各個SCMV系統均有同等之反應。以雙層抗體法免疫酵素分析(DAS-EUSA)，當各個SCMV系統和MDMV-B抗體反應時，所有SCMV系統的ELISA值均明顯低於同源的MDMV-B，因此得以把MDMV-B從SCMV系統中區分出來；當上述抗原和S-1 isolate的抗血清反應時，所有SCMV系統的讀值則明顯高於MDMV-B；若再把S-1 isolate的抗血清以MDMV-B交互吸收，則該血清完全不與MDMV-B反應，但是與各個SCMV系統均有同等之反應。利用此一系列反應，至田間大量調查，可檢出屬於SCMV的系統，且把MDMV-B從其中鑑別出來。於1983冬季至1986春季，在臺灣各玉米產區篩檢毒素病標本，結果從1叩處來源收集的689個檢體中，鑑定有512個是MDMV-B，33個是SCMV系統，30個是兩者混合，114個是兩者皆負反應者。顯示MDMV-B是目前臺灣玉米嵌紋病最主要之病原。
Maize dwarf mosaic virus B strain (MDMV-B) was distinguished from strains of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) based on their serological properties of virus particles and pathogenicity to six different corn cultivars. In general, MDMV B was more virulent to alt the corn cultivars tested than strains of SCMV. It consisently infected cuitlvar “Tainong 351”, while strains of SCMV could only infect this cultivar during summer season. In winter, no symptom was found on this cultivar even 24 days after inoculation with SCMV strains, while symptoms of MDMV-B were observed 7 days after inocti1atn. Antiserum to MDMV-B reacted to strains of SCMV Indistinguishably bet the homologous precipitation line consistently spurred over the heterologous precipitation lines in SDS-immunodiffusicm tests. In a reciprocal test, antiserum to S-1. isolate of SCMV gave intinguishable reactions to all strains of SCMV but their precipitation lines also spurred over that of MDMV-B. When antiserum to SCMV S-1 was cross-absorbed with a crude sap of MDMV-l3 infected corn, it no longer reacted with MDMV-B but still reacted conspicuously with strains of SCMV. Using DAS-ELISA, strains of SCMV could also be distinguithed from MDMV-B by the apparent lower ELISA values than homologous reactions when antiserum to MDMV-B was used. Reciprocally, antiserum to S-1 isolate of SCMV consistently gave higher readings to strains SCMV than those to MDMV-B When this antiseum was cross-absorbed with MDMV-B, it reacted only with strains of SCMV but not with MDMV-B. Thus, the method was used to differentiate MDMV-B from SCMV strains in a large-scale tick survey from 1983 to 1986. In a total of 689 samples collected from 100 corn fields, 512 samples were singly infected with MDMV-B, 33 samples were singly infected with SCMV, and 30 samples were mixed infected with MDMV-B and SCMV, whereas
114 samples were negative to both antisera. These results indicated that MDMV-B was the major causal virus of corn mosaic diseases in Taiwan
T.C. Powers, '25, author of the book, "Leakage: The Bleeding of the American Economy"
No full textIncludes letters from the American Society for Testing Material about T.C. PowersBlack and WhitePeople: Powers, T.C
Culture and application of healthy indigenous seed-bulb for production of garlic greens in Taiwan
No full text利用健康種蒜生產優質青蒜加上產期調節應用是目前業者較能獲利的經營之道。健康種蒜應採自發育良好，鱗莖充分成熟的植株，蒜球無任何生理或傳染性病變、蟲蝕或機械傷害等現象。但其中病毒病無法由蒜球上以肉眼判別是否感染，因此病毒檢定成為健康種蒜繁殖體系的關鍵。台灣發生的大蒜病毒計有洋蔥黃萎病毒(OYDV)、大蒜嵌紋病毒(GMV)、菸草嵌紋病毒(TMV)、大蒜潛隱病毒(GLV)、分蔥潛隱病毒(SLV)、大蒜普通潛隱病毒(GCLV)、韭蔥黃條斑紋病毒(LYSV)、分蔥黃條斑紋病毒(SYSV)、蟎媒長絲狀病毒(MbFV)及未經命名的長絲狀病毒等。利用農試所現有蔥屬作物病毒檢定試劑可以測得GLV、SLV、OYDV、LYSV、及GCLV，進而用以篩檢健康材料。為加速育成本土優質青蒜的健康種球，收集宜蘭白蒜珠芽6335粒，以間接法免疫酵素分析(ELISA)全面篩檢後保存無上述病原之材料，得1702粒健康氣生鱗莖，取其小蒜瓣繁殖成蒜球，在栽培期中淘汰呈現病徵之蒜株，剩餘無病徵株則維持生長至結球完全成熟，採收後採樣其中1200顆進一步測試，結果證實99.58％皆無病毒反應。所收取的蒜球經恆溫貯藏試驗，可維持更長時間之種蒜活力，此有利於延後播種以調節產期。以2001年四月底採收的宜蘭白蒜健康種蒜第一代球為材料，經30℃恆溫貯藏至翌年一月才播種進行田間試驗，藉以評估利用本土健康種蒜春作青蒜的效益，結果在蒜白長度方面宜蘭白蒜極顯著高於進口蒜種育成的蒼山蒜，在蒜白直徑則蒼山蒜顯著粗於宜蘭白蒜，發病等級調查因蒼山蒜植株葉片黃化嵌紋較多，其病害指數(Diseaseseverity)高於宜蘭白蒜。再經ELISA調查兩種青蒜在生育末期所發生的各種病毒發生率(Incidence)，結果宜蘭白蒜較蒼山蒜低。
Garlic greens only with high quality and produced at optimal time are profitable in Taiwan. The garlic greens with subtle texture and elongated white stalks are most cost-effective in the market. The health of garlic seed-bulb is requisite for producing advantageous greens. The conditions for healthy seed-bulbs are: completely developed plants, fully matured bulbs, no physiological or transmissible diseases, and no damages caused by insect or machinery. Besides, the bulbs are indexed free from invisible virus infection. In Taiwan, garlic is susceptible to many viruses like Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Garlic mosaic virus (GMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), Garlic latent virus (GLV), Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV), and Mite-borne filamentous virus (MbFV). To facilitate the indexing of viruses, a complex garlic virus diagnostic reagent was developed to detect GLV, SLV, LYSV, OYDV and GCLV simultaneously by indirect ELISA. Accordingly, bulbs of promising garlic clones, which suitable for garlic greens cultivation in local environments, can be collected and indexed for special pathogen free (SPF). The garlic seed-bulb propagation through aerial bulbils cultivation will accelerate the multiplication rate and efficiency of virus eradication. A total of 6335 bulbils of the indigenous clone were selected, out of which 1702 bulbils were screened for SPF. Cloves from the SPF bulbils were planted for bulb production and the diseased plants were eradicated during growing season. Harvested bulbs were tested again and out of 1200 bulbs tested 99.58% proved to be SPF. For the off-season production of garlic greens, seed-bulbs constantly stored at 30 were preserved their vigor longer than those at room temperature. To evaluate the effect of healthy indigenous 'Yilan' garlic seed-bulb for production of garlic greens in the spring, the bulbs harvested in April 2001 were stored at 30 till January 2002 for conducting the field experiment. Comparing with garlic clone 'Tsangshan' imported from China, the plants derived from healthy 'Yilan' seed-bulbs yielded longer but thinner white stalk. The disease severity of 'Tsangshan' was significantly higher than 'Yilan' according to the degree of plants showing mosaic and yellowing symptoms. As a result of ELISA obtained at the late growth stage of garlic plants, the incidences of viruses occurred on the clone of 'Yilan' were lower than those on 'Tsangshan'
The Current Status of Geminiviruses Occurred on Passion Fruit in Taiwan
No full text在台灣感染百香果的病毒計有胡瓜嵌紋病毒 (Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV)、東亞百香果病毒(East Asian passiflora virus, EAPV)、百香果斑駁病毒(Passion fruit mottle virus, PaMV)、百香果漣葉病毒(Passion fruit crinkle virus, PCV) 4 種。2011 年3 月在埔里地區採集到黃綠不均且葉片變形百香果樣本，利用ELISA 檢測未受到上述4 種病毒感染，利用滾輪法(rolling circle amplification, RCA) 卻測到疑似雙生病毒感染。RCA 產物以BamHI 處理，得到約3.0 Kb 之產物，選殖至載體，選殖株以EcoRI 酵素處理確認時出現2 類不同切位DNA 片段。定序分析後分別有2745 與2732 個核苷酸，與GenBank 登錄之序列比對結果，2745 個核苷酸者(Accession No. KC161185) 與一品紅捲葉病毒(Euphorbia leaf curl virus, EuLCV) DNA-A 有98.5%的相同度，2732 個核苷酸者(Accession No. KC161184) 與番木瓜捲葉廣東病毒(Papaya leaf curl virus, PaLCuGDV) DNA-A 有91.7%的相同度。根據2 病毒序列分析結果設計PCR 引子對，利用電泳分析調查2 種病毒發生情形。此2 病毒應已普遍發生於百香果台農1 號多時，於宜蘭、花蓮、苗栗及南投地區等百香果栽培區均有發現，因為台農1 號百香果需經由嫁接苗繁殖，因此該2 種病毒隨著嫁接苗普遍發生。病毒感染後造成百香果葉片斑駁、葉面不平整，各百香果園觀察到的病徵嚴重程度不一，但進入春夏季之後氣溫回升，葉片變形情況趨於輕微至觀察不到病徵，百香果生長回復正常，而造成忽略。
The main variety of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis x Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) cultivated in Taiwan is ‘Tainung No. 1 ’which is a hybrid and propagated only by grafting. In the spring of 2011, plants with severe systemic mosaic and malformation on leaves were found in some orchards located in Puli, Nantou in the middle of Taiwan. However, after growing up to three months, most of these diseased plants became symptomless when the weather became warmer. In March of 2011, 2 leaf samples exhibiting mosaic and 3 samples showing malformation were collectec and tested by DAS-ELISA; none were positively reacted with antibodies against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), East Asian passiflora virus (EAPV), Passion fruit mottle virus (PaMV) or Passion fruit crinkle virus (PCV) that have been occurred in Taiwan. The rolling circle amplification (RCA) with hexamer primers was adopted to analyze the potential begomoviruses which were prevalent on the other crops in Taiwan. The RCA amplified products were digested with BamHI and separated on 1.2% agarose by gel electrophoresis. A fragment, about 3 kb, was purified from each gel and cloned into the respective site of pBluescript SK(-) individually. Clones were screened by EcoRI digestion and two types of restriction fragement length patterns were found among them. One type clone containing 2745nucleotides (Accession No. KC161185) with 98.5% identity to Euphorbia leaf curl virus (EuLCV) and the other type clone containing 2732 nucleotide (Accession No. KC161184) with 91.7 identity to Papaya leaf curl Guangdong virus (PaLCuGDV) were revealed by nucleotide comparisons of their DNA-A in the GenBank. Accordingly, we confirmed the existence of passiflora isolates of EuLCV and PaLCuGDV. In a brief survey, allpassion fruit leaf samples were detected EuLCV and/or PaLCuGDV infectionTo our knowledge, this is the first report of begomoviruses associated passion fruit in Taiwan and in the Asia
(38(4):446-457)Influence of Corn Mosaic on Developments and Yields of Corn and Effectiveness of Resistance in Selected Lines to the Virus in the Field
No full textB型玉米矮化嵌紋病毒（MDMV-B）及A型、B型、D型、兩耳草（sourgrass）型及S－1分離株甘蔗嵌紋病毒（SCMV）都是玉米嵌紋病的病原，經以酵素連結抗體免疫分析（ELISA）從1983年至1988年調查之結果，以MDMV-B在田間發生的頻度最高；再經溫室苗期測定病原性及田間試驗評估各型病毒所造成的經濟為害度，亦以MDMV-B最為顯著。裂區設計的田間試驗比較MDMV-B接種與不接種的玉米之生育狀況，結果在預備試驗中統計分析病毒感染所造成的間接影響並不顯著，因此本研究的主要試驗都只比較病毒接種的直接效應。從1986年至1988年，三次田間試驗之結果，發現MDMV-B感染顯著影響玉米生長並造成嚴重減產，最高可達47.9％，一般推廣之飼料玉米減產22─29％，臺農1號減產則在20％以下，明顯異於感病品種之反應。從1983年至1989年共篩選2808個玉米品系僅11個呈抗病反應，172個呈中抗反應，324個呈中感反應，餘皆為感病反應者。選其中呈不感病反應的八個青割玉米品系進行田間試驗，其生長與產量較不受MDMV-B的影響，結果與惑病的對照有明顯差異。選育中的超甜玉米品系七個，經田間試驗證實MDMV-B惑染後，株高、莖軸、產量等均明顯受損，且品種間反應程度有差異。
B strain of maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-B), strains A, B, D, and sourgrass of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV-A, -B, -D, -Sou), and undetermined isolate of SCMV (S-1) are all causal agents of corn mosaic in Taiwan. Investigating the occurrence of these viruses in 1983－1988 by ELISA, we found that MDMV-B was prevalent on corn producing areas of Taiwan. In the meanwhile MDMV-B is the main causal virus of corn mosaic was demonstrated by greenhouse seedling technique to determine the virulence of virus and field trials to estimate the yield losses of sweet corn inoculated with virus. Split-plot design was adopted for field experiments to evaluate the effects of MDMV-B on developments and yields of corn. The indirect effects of virus infection was not so significant that we only compared the difference between treatments of direct manual inoculation and noninoculation in the following experiments. Results of field trials in 1986－1988 showed that MDMV-B inoculation might severely reduce grain yield of inbred line “TA80-1410” up to 47.9%. Involved in this study two general released corn varieties (“Tainan 16” and “Tainung 351”) reduced 22－29% grain yields and “Tainung 1” usually lose less and never more than 20% of yield indicated that “Tainung 1” was significantly less affected by MDMV-B than other tested varieties. Screening corn lines for resistance to MDMV-B in 1983－1989, we found that in a total of 2808 tested lines, 11 lines were resistant, 172 lines were moderately resistant, 324 inles were moderately susceptible, and remainders were all susceptible to the virus. Eight selected lines, which originated from silage corn and were not susceptible to MDMV-B, were evaluated for the effectiveness of their resistances in the field. No significant effects of MDMV-B on developments and yields of tested lines were observed indicated that this level of resistance is effective to prevent yield losses to the disease in the field. Plant heights, stalk diameters, and ear yields of seven breeding lines of sweet corn were significantly reduced due to inoculation with MDMV-B in the experiment, and these disease responses of every corn lines were significantly different
(40(3):333-345)Occurrence of garlic latent virus in Taiwan and its biological characterization
No full text從大陸進口的北蒜中分離出來的一個病毒單株，經鑑定是大蒜潛隱病毒（garlic latent virus，GLV）。其寄主範圍包括大蒜、洋葱、葱、韭等葱科作物，但呈無病徵系統性感染，唯不感染韭葱；其他寄主反應包括：紅藜、Chenopodium quinoa、及番杏接種葉的局部病斑，豌豆的局部潛隱感染，蠶豆的系統性壞疽等。但對供試的千日紅、孤挺花、百合、水仙、菸草（五種）、酸漿等皆不感染。經試驗GLV之耐熱性為55-60°C，耐稀釋性為10-3─10-4，耐保存性是3─4天。以C. quinoa接種葉的局部病斑為材料進行病毒純化，經硫酸銫等密度平衡離心，所得病毒試料之紫外光吸收光譜，最高值在258 nm，最低值在243 nm，其比值為1.084；260 nm的吸收值與280 nm的吸收值之比是1.25。經電子顯微鏡觀察，GLV的顆粒是較直的絲狀，長度大都在600-700 nm之間。以膠體電泳分析測定鞘蛋白之分子量，估計為30.7K。由以上特性顯示GLV具有典型carlavirus的性狀。經注射白兔製備抗血清，結果以瓊脂擴散反應測定，抗GLV血清只與同源抗體反應，且力價達1/4。以間接法免疫酵素分析顯示GLV與日本GLV-S（蕗蕎分離株）之反應一致，且與本省葱科分離株及韭分離株都有交叉反應；應用於田間大蒜植株檢定，抗體稀釋至1/1000仍有效。因此以夾層抗體法免疫酵素分析測定大蒜鱗莖帶GLV之情形，結果在1386個檢體中有413個呈陽性反應；至於田間大蒜株的病毒發生調查，採樣655株中，有146株葉片呈陽性反應，而GLV在臺灣的發生無地區性差異，唯在白葉或軟骨的大蒜品系有較高的發生率。Garlic latent virus (GLV) was isolated from plants of “northern garlic”, which seed-bulbs were imported from mainland China in 1989. It caused symptomless infection on garlic, onion, shallot, Welsh onion, Chinese leek, and pea, local lesions on Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, and Tetragonia expansa, or systemic necrosis on broad bean, but did not infect leek, narcissus, lily, belldonna lily, tobacco (5 species), Gomphrena globosa, and Physalis floridana in host range test. The virus was propagated in Chinese leek and assayed in C. amaranticolor; thermal inactivation point (TIP) is 55-60°C, dilution end point (DEP) is 10-3-10-4, and longevity in vitro is 3-4 days. Purified preparation was obtained from GLV inoculated leaves of C. quinoa by cesium sulfate isopycnic centrifugation. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of GLV is typical of a nucleoprotein, with maximum at 258 nm, minium at 243 nm, Amax/Amin ratio is 1.084, and A260/A280 ratio is 1.25. For the most part of GLV particles in purified preparation are slightly straight filaments with length of 600-700 nm. Molecular weight of capsid protein monomer estimated by SDS-PAGE is 30,700 daltons. Antiserum against GLV was prepared by injecting purified virion to a rabbit. In SDS-immunodiffusion tests, the antiserum reacted only with homologous antigen and its titer was 1/4. Indirect ELISA showed that GLV was serologically identical to GLV-S (a Japanese scallion isolate) and cross-reacted with a Welsh onion isolate or a Chinese leek isolate. For virus indexing in garlic, a 1/1000 dilution of leaf sap was positively detected by ELISA. Consequently, a survey for GLV occurrence by DAS-ELISA was conducted in 1988-1991. A total of 1,386 garlic bulbs purchased from markets or collected from fields, 413 samples were reacted with antibody against GLV; and GLV was also detected in 146 leaf samples out of 655 plants collected from garlic fields. It was indifferent in the frequence of virus distribution on garlic growing areas of Taiwan but GLV was prevalent on white leaf varieties of garlic
Full-length sequence analysis of a distinct isolate of Bidens mottle virus infecting sunflower in Taiwan
No full textThe full-length genome of a potyvirus, previously known as sunflower chlorotic spot virus isolate SF-1 (SCSV-SF-1) which causes novel symptoms on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus), was sequenced and analyzed. The genome of SCSV-SF-1 is 9,741 nucleotides long, encoding a polyprotein of 3,071 amino acids containing the consensus motifs of potyviruses. Sequence comparison revealed that the 3'-terminus of SCSV-SF-1 shared over 96% similarities with isolates of Bidens mottle virus (BiMoV). However, SCSV-SF-1 has a very narrow host range, excluding the diagnostic host species for BiMoV, Bidens pilosa and Zinnia elegans. Therefore, SCSV-SF-1 is a distinct isolate of BiMoV. This is the first report of the full-length nucleotide sequence of BiMoV infecting sunflower in Taiwan
百香果漣葉病毒-一種新發現之馬鈴薯Y屬病毒之鑑定
No full textA virus, designated as passionfruit crinkle potyvirus (PCV), was isolated from passionfruit cultivar Tainung No. 1 causing crinkle symptom on the foliage, different from those induced by the passionfruit mottle (PaMV) and passionfruit woodiness potyviruses (PWV). Unlike PaMV and PWV, PCV did not produce any visible symptom on the fruits. It was identified as a potyvirus on the basis of particle morphology, aphid transmissibility, and the ability to induce cytoplasinic cylindrical inclusions (CI) in infectedcells. Of thirty six species in six plant families inoculated, PCV infected 15 species of Passifloraceae, Chenopodiaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, and Amaranthaceae, but all the species tested in Cucurbitaceae were not infected by PCV, indicating that it had wider host range than PaMV and PWV. In light microscopy, large aggregates of bundle-shaped cylindrical inclusions, similar to those induced by PaMV were found accumulated in the cytoplasm of PCV-infected cells. Purified virions and the cylindrical inclusion protein (CIP) were obtained by equilibrium centrifugation in Cs2SO4 and preparative electrophoresis, respectively. As analysed in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis, the relative molecular mass for the capsid and CIP monomer of PCV were estimated to be 35 and 79kDa, respectively. In reciprocal SDS-immun-odiffusion and ELISA tests, PCV was found serologically indistinguishable to a potyvirus isolate originating from passionfruit in Puerto Rico, related to, but distinct from, PWV and peanut stripe potyvirus, while it was unrelated to PaMV and 11 other potyviruses.
本研究由本省台農一號百香果分離獲得一種與文獻上所記錄之百香果木質化病毒（passionfruit woodiness Potyvirus, PWV）及百香果班紋病毒(passionfruit mottle potyvirus, PaMV)性質迴異之馬鈴薯Y屬病毒。此病毒株系感染台農一號百香果時僅在葉部產生漣葉(crinkle)病徵，對果實之外型與著色並無任何影響。此種病徵與PWV及PaMV所造成者有顯著差異，因此將其定名為百香果漣葉病毒(passionfruit crinkle potyvirus)簡稱PCV。PCV具長絲狀易彎曲型顆粒(elongated flexuous rods)，可由桃蚜以非永續型方式(non-persistent manner)傳播，於感病細胞質中可產生圓柱狀內含體(cylindrical inclusion)。在所接種之6科36種值物中只有葫蘆科之瓜類植物不能被PCV感染，顯示其寄主範圍較PWV及PaMV寬廣。另外PCV可於大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)及千日紅(Gomphrcna globosa L.)感染造成系統性病徵之特性也與PWV及PaMV不同。利用交叉保護汰亦證實PCV無法保護百香果免於PWV及PaMv之重複感染。以高低速交替離心(differential centrifugation)及平衡離心法(equilibrium centrifugation)可順利將PCV病毒顆粒由百香果葉片中純化。純化試料經電泳分析估計其鞘蛋白基本單位(capsid protein subunit)之分子量為35kDa。在純化病毒顆粒之過程中可同時純化出PCV於感病細胞質內所合成之圓柱狀內含體蛋白(cylindrical inclusion protein, CIP)，其分子量則估計為79kDa。將純化之病毒顆粒及CIP進行免疫注射於家兔體內已製成專一性抗體。將此等抗體應用於SDS免疫擴散反應(SDS-immunodiffusion test）及酵聯抗體法(ELISA)測試，發現PCV與PaMv無任何血清類緣關係，而PCV雖與PWV有部份血緣關係但彼此間仍有顯著差異，但PCV之血清學性質與Bird et al. (1991)自波多黎各百香果所分離而未充分鑑定之Puerto Rico passionfruit potyviru則完全相同無法區別。另外與其他12種已知之馬鈴薯Y屬病毒比較時，發現PCV只與落花生條斑病毒(peanut stripe polyvirus, PStV)有部份血緣關係，而與其他11種病毒無任何血緣關係。由現有證據顯示PCV與過去在百香果上已記錄之數種馬鈴薯Y屬病毒之特性有明顯差異，而與其他已知之病毒亦呈顯茗之不同，故應屬一種尚未經充分鑑定之新病毒
Controversies in the management of acute tonsillitis: an evidence-based review
No full textBACKGROUND: Patients admitted with acute tonsillitis generate a substantial workload for the National Health Service (NHS), placing huge financial pressures on an already overstretched budget.OBJECTIVE OF REVIEW: Due to the difficulty of accurate diagnosis and varying practices across the UK, there exist a number of controversial areas and non-standardised practice. These will be highlighted and tackled within this article.TYPE OF REVIEW AND SEARCH STRATEGY: A literature review, last performed in September 2013, searched PubMed citing variations on the areas of controversies with 'tonsillitis', 'pharyngitis' and 'pharyngotonsillitis' - from 1956 to present with language restrictions. Excluded articles included those regarding sore throat after tonsillectomy and peritonsillar abscess.EVALUATION METHOD: Titles and abstracts were initially screened, and full text of potentially relevant articles obtained. The bibliographies of articles were searched for relevant references. The references were then compiled and reviewed independently by two authors (JB & TB), overseen by the senior author (EK).RESULTS: (i) Diagnosis and investigation: Use of the Centor criteria is inadequate within the secondary care setting. Blood testing is unnecessary in the majority of cases where patients do not require admission, as they are unlikely to change management. (ii) Antibiotics: Antibiotics are likely to be indicated in all those presenting to secondary ENT care, with penicillin being the antibiotic of choice for first-line therapy. (iii) Corticosteroids: Moderate evidence supports the benefit of steroid administration in this patient cohort, advocating a single dose initially followed by reassessment. (iv) Analgesia: Paracetamol and NSAIDs have good evidence of action. Codeine should be used with caution in the paediatric population. (v) Reduced admission rates and early discharge: There is evidence suggesting that a trial of medical therapy prior to admission is beneficial in reducing rates of admission and length of stay.CONCLUSIONS: Management of acute tonsillitis within a secondary care setting largely consists of anecdotal or relatively low-quality evidence. Thus, much evidence from management comes from expert opinion or practice within a primary care setting. Management across the UK can also vary greatly. An evidence-based review of best practice has been presented here, but further evidence will be required in the future examining the significance of corticosteroids and antibiotic administration in this patient cohort specifically, ensuring practice is evidence based and clinically relevant.</p
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