459 research outputs found
Extension of Hamel paradox for the 2D exterior Navier-Stokes problem
No full textIn this paper, we continue the analysis of the stationary exterior Navier-Stokes problem with interior boundary data and vanishing condition at infinity. We first show an existence result that extends a previous contribution of the second author by considering boundary data prescribing a non-trivial flux on the internal boundary. We obtain in particular that the non-uniqueness result of G. Hamel extends to an open set of internal boundary data. We then show that one way to recover uniqueness of a solution is to complement the perturbation of velocity field with a decay condition at infinity for small circulation through the interior boundary. Our method is based on a fine analysis of the linearized Navier-Stokes system around potential flows in the exterior domain
Small and medium-size enterprises in economic development : possiblities for research and policy
No full textThe World Bank's most important long-term advantage in promoting development, says the author, may lie in opportunities to address related obstacles simultaneously. It could mount concurrent efforts to address the problems of small and medium-size enterprises in a particular sector, region, or economy, for example. It could address the conditions of founding new firms, providing finance or technical assistance, developing mutual support institutions, resolving disputes, and perhaps reducing counterproductive government interventions. Were the Bank to follow such a coordinated approach, programs could be designed to generate data to illuminate the impacts and interactions of various elements of policy. These data could be exploited, then, in research designs, or even the design of management information systems, shaped by program evaluation. The author proposes four general issues for research (plus a series of topics for each issue). (1) Can Bank initiatives involving small and medium-size enterprises in developing countries facilitate the entry of these enterprises into similar learning relationships with other firms - foreign firms, larger firms in their own countries, or each other? (2) The economic significance of high"turbulence"(entry and exit rates) in small-firm populations is poorly understood. The fact of high turbulence is well-documented in industrial countries; it is not for developing countries, but available data suggest a broadly similar pattern. Are high failure rates for small businesses symptomatic of an important shortcoming in the system of economic organization itself? Or should the unit of analysis be the enterprise, the entrepreneur, or the entrepreneur's family? (3) Is the apparent trend favoring a larger economic role for smaller production units autonomous rather than induced by other changes? Does it depend on general operating factors such as the declining costs of communication and computation? (4) The rate of learning by a small firm may depend on the nature of its transacting partner. Certain multinational enterprises make good teachers, for example, but certain local labor markets or markets for consumer goods and services may not be well-positioned for relevant learning. They may learn well how to adjust to local circumstances but not to the international diffusion of technology and ways of organizing (the main source of hope for developing countries). Perhaps Bank policy should be more concerned with transaction patterns.General Technology,Environmental Economics&Policies,Decentralization,ICT Policy and Strategies,Small and Medium Size Enterprises,Environmental Economics&Policies,General Technology,Small and Medium Size Enterprises,ICT Policy and Strategies,Small Scale Enterprise
Subtitling of collocational patterns in children's animated movies: a corpus-based study
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários, Florianópolis, 2015.Abstract : Due to technological innovations and to globalization, the translation of movies, or more specifically, audiovisual translation, has become an ever more common type of translation. However, most of the studies in the area focus on the technicalities involved in the activity, not taking into account the linguistic aspects of translation (Díaz Cintas & Remael, 2007). For that reason, little is known about the challenges and limitations of subtitling, and this area is constantly a target of criticism on its so called ?quality? (Carvalho, 2007). Following a descriptive approach (Toury, 2012), this research aims at uncovering the translation strategies (as defined by Chesterman, 1997; Pedersen, 2005; and Costa, 2014) used by subtitlers while rendering certain language patterns, namely collocations, from American English into Brazilian Portuguese. It takes on the methodological apparatus of corpus-based studies as they enable the processing of large quantities of data quickly and automatically. The corpus is made up of three children?s animated movies (Ice Age, Shrek and Toy Story), the subtitles of which were inserted in COPA-TRAD (Fernandes & Silva, 2013) ? a translation parallel corpus ? and analyzed following Pedersen?s (2005) classification of translation strategies for cultural expressions in subtitles. It was found that, most of the time, subtitlers will attempt to maintain the cultural expression in the translation or, at least, maintain its meaning, despite facing difficulties when dealing with puns and wordplay. In this sense, it can be attested that subtitlers were overall creative and innovative, possibly because of the movie genre they were working on ? animation. These results also show the unfounded nature of the criticism usually aimed this type of audiovisual translation.Graças aos avanços tecnológicos e à globalização, a tradução de filmes, ou mais especificamente, a tradução audiovisual, se tornou um tipo de tradução cada vez mais comum. No entanto, a maior parte das pesquisas feitas na área foca nas tecnicalidades envolvidas nessa atividade, sem levar em conta os aspectos linguísticos da tradução (Díaz Cintas e Remael, 2007). Por esse motivo, não se sabe muito sobre os desafios e as limitações da legendagem, e não raro esta área é alvo constante de críticas relacionadas à sua  qualidade (Carvalho, 2007). Seguindo uma abordagem descritivista (Toury, 1995), espera-se descobrir as estratégias de tradução (como definidas por Chesterman, 1997; Pedersen, 2005; e Costa, 2014) utilizadas por legendadores na tradução de determinados padrões linguísticos, ou colocações, do inglês americano para o português brasileiro. A metodologia aplicada é a dos estudos com base em corpus, já que estes permitem o processamento de grandes quantidades de dados de maneira rápida e automática. O corpus é composto por três filmes infantis de animação (A Era do Gelo, Shrek e Toy Story), cujas legendas foram inseridas no COPA-TRAD (Fernandes e Silva, 2013)  um corpus paralelo de tradução  e analisadas seguindo a classificação de estratégias de tradução de expressões culturais em legendas de Pedersen (2005). Descobriu-se que, na maioria das vezes, os legendadores tentam manter a expressão cultural na tradução ou, ao menos, manter seu significado, apesar de enfrentarem dificuldades ao lidarem com trocadilhos e jogos de palavras. Nesse sentido, pode-se afirmar que os legendadores foram em geral criativos e inovadores, possivelmente devido ao gênero dos filmes em que trabalharam  animação. Esses resultados mostram também a natureza infundada das críticas que são geralmente direcionadas a esse tipo de tradução audiovisual
Stringy Hodge numbers for a class of isolated singularities and for threefolds
No full textBatyrev has defined the stringy E-function for complex varieties with at most log terminal singularities. It is a rational function in two variables if the singularities are Gorenstein. Furthermore, if the variety is projective and its stringy E-function is a polynomial, Batyrev defined its stringy Hodge numbers essentially as the coefficients of this E-function, generalizing the usual notion of Hodge numbers of a nonsingular projective variety. He conjectured that they are nonnegative. We prove this for a class of 'mild' isolated singularities (the allowed singularities depend on the dimension). As a corollary we obtain a proof of Batyrev's conjecture for threefolds in full generality. In these cases, we also give an explicit description of the stringy Hodge numbers, and we suggest a possible generalized definition of stringy Hodge numbers if the E-function is not a polynomial. The Author 2007.sponsorship: [
"Partially supported by project G.0318.06 from the Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO). During the preparation of the manuscript the first author was a Research Assistant of the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO).",
"We wish to thank Joost van Hamel for helpful discussions about the proof of Theorem 3.1."
] (Research Foundation-Flanders (FWO)|G.0318.06)status: Publishe
The development and use of strategic business performance improvement frameworks for rapid prototyping and tooling : executive summary
No full textIncreasing global competition within industry has forced businesses to respond by
reducing costs and product development lead times in order to survive. In the
automotive industry, these strategic responses include the specific exploitation of new
technologies and mergers with other companies to gain economies of scale.
BMW AG purchased Rover Group in 1994 but it wasn't until 1998 that competitive
pressure led to the completion of the merger through the creation of a single "Group
Function" structure within BMW Group. The BMW Board stated high-level
objectives for the process but provided no mechanism to convert them into reality.
Similarly, the BMW Group Board initiated a business process "Re-engineering"
programme in 1997/8 and stated cost, time and other objectives that would have to be
met. The technical and process changes that would help to achieve the business
improvements were being largely driven from the bottom of the organisation but
there were no frameworks available to guide strategic technology introduction.
The principal innovations generated during the course of this research are
frameworks for:
• Maximising the business benefits from the creation of 'Group Functions'
• Internal strategy creation for technology-based business sub-units
These two new frameworks have for the first time provided management and staff
with the means to develop meaningful strategies and operational action plans from
the corporate strategic objectives. The economic and business literature concentrates
mainly on whole business strategy and merger activity, neglecting the need for
guidance at the sub-corporate level. Although corporate strategy can provide the
overall direction of a company, it is the managers that have to drive strategic change
within the business.
The frameworks were developed by the author based on an in-depth review of the
literature and the specific context relating to Rapid Prototyping & Tooling (RP&T)
within BMW. The frameworks were validated within the business situation and
further enhanced where appropriate.
The Group Function framework fills the process gap between the high-level
objectives and the need for operational action plans. It provides a straightforward and
easy to communicate structure to the process of optimising duplicated business subunits.
Use of the framework led to the retention of both RP&T teams and the
initiation of beneficial synergistic activities. The framework should be applicable to
other similar groups in similar circumstances.
The author developed a new strategy creation framework that for the first time
combines a range of strategy development approaches from within the literature into
a practical framework for sub-corporate strategy development. The framework was
matched to the specific context of the RP&T case but could be used in other similar
circumstances. The framework was used to successfully develop a new strategy for
RP&T in BMW Group and includes new approaches developed by the author that
reduce the impact of environmental change and uncertainty. The framework has been
described in a stand alone form that can easily be more widely exploited
Relação conceitual entre identidade organizacional e competência essencial: implicações para gestão do conhecimento
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Gestão do ConhecimentoEsta dissertação tem como objetivo compreender a relação entre a identidade organizacional e a competência essencial. Origem, relações conceituais e metodologias de identificação dão suporte às análises e à construção de relações teóricas e às práticas de gestão. A identidade organizacional é um constructo coletivo, suscita a interação entre: (a) os níveis individuais e coletivos de análise, (b) a cognição do indivíduo sobre o que é a organização, resultante da relação dialética entre cognição coletiva compartilhada e (c) as cognições individuais socialmente construídas. Refere-se à pergunta "quem somos nós enquanto organização" (ALBERT; WHETTEN, 1985). A competência essencial é compreendida como uma capacidade especial da organização e distinguida se satisfizer três critérios: contribuir significativamente para o benefício de um cliente ou produto; ser competitivamente única e, como tal, deve ser difícil para os concorrentes imitar; e proporcionar o acesso potencial a uma ampla variedade de mercados (HAMEL E PRAHALAD, 1990). Este estudo teórico evidencia a relação entre identidade organizacional e competência essencial, mostrando que a identidade pode ser uma competência Essencial da organização, pode servir de apoio ou ameaça à construção de novas competências, é aguçada com os processos de mudança, tem implicações no processo de tomada de decisão, e, consequentemente sobre a Gestão do Conhecimento.This study is aimed at understanding the relationship between organizational identity and core competence. Origin, conception relationships and identification methodology give support to analyses, theoretical relationships and management practices. Organizational identity is a collective construct that leads to: (a) interaction between individual and collective levels, (b) the individual perception about what the organization is, which results from the dialetic relationship between collective shared knowledge and (c) personal knowledge socially acquired. Organizational identity refers to the question #who we are as an organization# (ALBERT; WHETTEN, 1985). Core competence is understood as a special organization ability that is characterized by tree criteria: to contribute significantly to a costumer or product benefict; to be unique so that it can hardly be imitated by its competing companies and to potentially permit the access to a large variety of markets (HAMEL E PRAHALAD, 1990). This theoretic study is focused on the relationship between the Organizational Identity and the Core Competence and shows that the Identity can be a Core Competence of an organization, can support or be a drawback to new competences development, increases during changing processes, play an important role in the decision making processes and, as a matter of fact, in Knowledge Management
Cuidando do recém-nascido em UTIN: convivendo com a fragilidade do viver/sobreviver à luz da complexidade
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Florianópolis, 2009.Este estudo trata da elaboração de um modelo que contempla o fenômeno do cuidado em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal a partir da compreensão do ser e fazer enquanto enfermeiro neste sistema complexo. Tal compreensão aborda as transformações ocorridas desde a criação das UTINs até a atualidade, vislumbrando sua busca pela integralidade ao oferecer um cuidado sensível e compartilhado. O referencial metodológico da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados (Grounded theory) associado ao Paradigma da Complexidade de Edgar Morin foi utilizado na análise e na construção do Modelo Teórico: CUIDANDO DO RECÉM-NASCIDO EM UTIN: Convivendo com a fragilidade do viver/sobreviver à luz da complexidade. Participaram da pesquisa 11 sujeitos, entre enfermeiros e mães com bebês internados na UTIN. Utilizou-se a entrevista aberta para coleta dos dados. A análise comparativa dos dados subsidiou o processo de codificação, amostragem, saturação teórica, ordenação e integração dos dados. Os dados foram inseridos no software NVIVO, dando seqüência na organização e agrupamento dos mesmos. A organização dos códigos foi feita de acordo com suas propriedades e, então, agrupados em códigos preliminares, subcategorias e categorias. Através das inter-relações entre categorias, emergente dos dados coletados, identificou-se a categoria central, eixo norteador do Modelo Teórico, e integradora das categorias analíticas denominada: Convivendo com a fragilidade do viver/sobreviver: cuidado altamente complexo, sensível, singular e compartilhado em torno da qual giram as demais categorias: Buscando conhecimentos e competências; Gerenciando o cuidado na UTIN e Vivenciando as singularidades na UTIN. Neste contexto, o cuidado em UTIN se fortalece como uma das áreas da Enfermagem em constante desenvolvimento, visando conciliar os avanços tecnológicos importantes para o sobreviver do bebê prematuro com abordagens que valorizam as inter-relações em seu quotidiano, de modo sistêmico. Busca atuar nas diversas esferas do cuidado complexo em saúde, desde os serviços de apoio da instituição hospitalar e seus gestores até a academia, visando evitar atuações compartimentadas e isoladas, integrando e aplicando conhecimentos científicos, com ganhos para a prática profissional. Oferecer suporte tecnológico já não basta. A pesquisa ressalta que é necessário exercitar as potencialidades já inatas dos profissionais de enfermagem e caminhar para o encontro de outras, um verdadeiro convite a novas percepções de cuidar do neonato, sua família e os membros deste sistema complexo, numa constante inquietação e adaptação para as demandas que surgem. Assim, as indagações norteadoras desta pesquisa convidam para a ampliação de novos horizontes de investigação, de forma que as possibilidades de estudos indicadas permitam o aprofundamento no âmbito das organizações de saúde e da academia.This study deals with the elaboration of a model which contemplates the phenomenon of care in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), based on the comprehension of the human being and human actor as a nurse in this complex system. Such comprehension encompasses the transformations which have occurred since the creation of the NICUs, discerning its search for the entirety to offer sensible and shared care. The methodological reference of the Grounded Theory associated with Edgar Morins Complexity Theory was utilized in analysis and the construction of the Theoretical Model: CARING FOR THE NEWBORN IN THE NICU: Living with the fragility of living/surviving in the light of complexity. The sample was composed of 11 subjects, including nurses and mothers with newborns in the NICU. Open interviews were used in order to collect data. Comparative data analysis subsidized the data codification, sampling, theoretical saturation, ordering, and integration processes. Data was inserted into NVIVO software, providing a sequence in data organization and grouping. Organizing the codes was done according to their properties and thus, grouped in preliminary codes, subcategories, and categories. Through the relationships in these categories which emerged from the data collected, the central category, the guiding axis of the Theoretical Model and the integrating factor of the analytical categories was identified, denominated: Living with the fragility of living/surviving: highly complex, sensitive, singular, and shared care around which are the following categories: Seeking knowledge and competencies; Managing NICU care; and Living the singularities of the NICU. In this context, NICU care is strengthened as one of the Nursing areas in constant development, seeking to conciliate important technological advances towards premature newborn survival with the approaches which systematically value day-to-day relationships. It seeks to enact in the diverse spheres of complex health care, from the support services of the hospital institution and its management to academia, searching to avoid fragmented and isolated care through integrating and applying scientific knowledge with gains for professional practice. Offering technological support is no longer enough. Research highlights that it is necessary to exercise already innate potential in nursing professionals and work towards finding others, a true invitation towards new perceptions for care for the newborn, his/her family, and the members of this complex system in a constant unrest and adaptation of demands which may arise. Thus, the guiding questions of this study invite towards the amplification of new investigative horizons, in such a manner that the possibilities for suggested studies permit more profound in the realm of health care and academic organizations
Bayesian variable selection in modelling geographical heterogeneity in malaria transmission from sparse data : an application to Nouna Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) data, Burkina Faso
No full textQuantification of malaria heterogeneity is very challenging, partly because of the underlying characteristics of mosquitoes and also because malaria is an environmentally driven disease. Furthermore, in order to assess the spatial and seasonal variability in malaria transmission, vector data need to be collected repeatedly over time (at fixed geographical locations). Measurements collected at locations close to each other and over time tend to be correlated because of common exposures such as environmental or climatic conditions. Non- spatial statistical methods, when applied to analyze such data, may lead to biased estimates. We developed rigorous methods for analyzing sparse and spatially correlated data. We applied Bayesian variable selection to identify the most important predictors as well as the elapsing time between climate suitability and changes in entomological indices.; Bayesian geostatistical zero-inflated binomial and negative binomial models including harmonic seasonal terms, temporal trends and climatic remotely sensed proxies were applied to assess spatio-temporal variation of sporozoite rate and mosquito density in the study area. Bayesian variable selection was employed to determine the most important climatic predictors and elapsing (lag) time between climatic suitability and malaria transmission. Bayesian kriging was used to predict mosquito density and sporozoite rate at unsampled locations. These estimates were converted to covariate and season-adjusted maps of entomological inoculation rates. Models were fitted using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that Anophele. gambiae is the most predominant vector (79.29%) and is more rain-dependant than its sibling Anophele. funestus (20.71%). Variable selection suggests that the two species react differently to different climatic conditions. Prediction maps of entomological inoculation rate (EIR) depict a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity in malaria transmission risk despite the relatively small geographical extend of the study area. CONCLUSION: Malaria transmission is very heterogeneous over the study area. The EIR maps clearly depict a strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity despite the relatively small geographical extend of the study area. Model based estimates of transmission can be used to identify high transmission areas in order to prioritise interventions and support research in malaria epidemiology
Gromphas jardim Cupello
No full textGromphas jardim Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov. (Figures 1 – 7) Gromphas lacordairei: Hamel-Leigue et al., 2006: 6, fig. 49,50; Hamel-Leigue et al., 2009: 61 (part), 49 (part), fig. 14 (part), figs 27,28. Gromphas amazonica: Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello 2013: 463 (all the fifth paragraph of ‘ Intraspecific variation and taxonomic discussion ’ section). Type specimens Holotype: BOLÍVIA: BENI: Moxos, Río Ichiguita, 155 m, 15°08 ’ S, 65°18 ʹ W, 20.V.2005, C. Hamel and T. Vidaurre cols. – male (OUMNH) [“ BOLIVIA: Beni, Rio Ichiguita, 155 m., 15º08 ʹ S 65º18 ʹ O, 20.v.2005, Sabana. Trap. cebo heces humano. prep./col.: C. Hamel, T. Vidaurre ”, “ Gromphas lacordairei Brullé, 1834 det. A. C. Hamel. OUMNH-2006-097 ”, “ Trap 7 ”, “ HOLOTIPO ”, “ HOLOTYPE. Gromphas jardim sp. nov. Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello des. 2014 ♂ ”] (Figure 1A – D, F). Aedeagus extracted and genital capsule glued in a triangular label and internal sac placed in a microvial with glycerine, all pinned with the holotype. Paratypes: BRAZIL: MATO GROSSO: Cáceres, 10 October 2008, E. Silva col. – 1 female (CEMT; specimen identified in Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello (2013, pp. 463 – 464) as G. amazonica). BOLÍVIA: BENI: Moxos, Río Ichiguita, 155 m, 15°08 ’ S, 65°18 ʹ W, 19 May 2005, C. Hamel and T. Vidaurre cols. – 1 female (MNRJ) and 1 female (OUMNH). COCHABAMBA: Territory of the Yuracaré people (“ Juacares Indians ”), north side of the Cordillera de Cochabamba (“ Cortillera de Cochabamba ”), without date and collector (probably collected by Alcide d ’ Orbigny in 1832; see comments below) – 1 male (BMNH). Etymology The specific name, a noun in apposition, is a patronym honouring Arlindo da Silva Jardim (1923 – 2014), Brazilian aviator and grandfather of the first author. Having grown up in the small, rural village of Dom Viçoso, Minas Gerais, Arlindo Jardim achieved his childhood dream and flew professionally worldwide for over four decades. He will remain as a source of inspiration for MC. Description Colour. Anterior region of clypeus black; remainder of head and pronotum with dark olive green and copper metallic reflections. Elytra, metasternum, ventral surface of legs and pygidium dark olive green with metallic sheen and silky appearance. Ventrites entirely black or black with week metallic green reflections. Head. Margin of clypeus with four lobes (Figure 1F) and distinctly upturned. Genae and frons completely granulate, including region adjacent to eyes (Figure 1F). Cephalic projection a raised carina with converging sides and emarginate apex in major specimens (Figure 1G); apex narrower than distance between apices of apical lobes of clypeus (Figure 1F). Thorax. Pronotum convex; lateral region with dense granulation reaching the posterior margin (Figure 3A), density of granulation decreasing posteromedially; posteromedian region smooth or with strongly effaced granulation (Figures 1A, E, 4); posterior fossae apparent only as two very shallow and sometimes only weakly indicated impressions removed from the pronotal posterior margin (Figures 1E, 4). Posterior margin of pronotum rounded. Mesosternum with dense pilosity. Metasternum with fine and sparse punctation at centre. Anteromedian angle of metasternum convex and with globose apex; area in front of anteromedian angle with evident setae. Legs. Protibia slightly narrower in males than in females (Figure 2); in ventral view, longitudinal carina simple in both sexes (Figure 2A). Space between protibial lateral teeth deeper in males than in females (Figure 2). Protibial spur with apex strongly expanded and curved downward (Figure 2). Inner apical angle of protibia with a tuft of setae longer and denser in males than in females; in males, tubercle of inner apical angle developed as a short and tapered spur independent of apical tuft of setae (Figure 2). Apical protarsomere with a long, distal spiniform prolongation. Mesotarsi and metatarsi with apical tarsomere slightly curved at apex. Metatibia very broad and robust. Metatibial spur with apex distinctly curved. Elytra. Striae very fine and, especially striae 1 – 4, carinulate from base to half or apical two-thirds of elytra. Sutural margin glossy and only sparsely punctate; basal half of sutural margin with sheen extending laterally onto first or second interstria. Abdomen. Pygidium lacking basal margin and with irregular sculpture. Groove of propygidium extending to base of pygidium. Abdominal sternites microsculptured and sparsely punctuated. Aedeagus. Apex of phallobase, in ventral view, with membranous area expanded triangularly in the middle (Figure 1C). Medial sclerite only slightly curved, almost flat. Measurements (four specimens: two males and two females) TL: AV: 15.2; MX: 16.3; MN: 13.9. PL: AV: 12.3; MX: 13; MN: 11.7. PW: AV: 8.5; MX: 9; MN: 8. Intraspecific variation and taxonomic discussion At a first glance, G. jardim resembles superficially G. amazonica and, to a lesser degree, G. inermis, and, in fact, has been confused with these species both in collections and recent publications. Deposited at the BMNH, the oldest specimen known to us bears four labels with different identifications (Figure 4): an older, which by the calligraphy we assign to Charles O. Waterhouse, former curator of entomology at the BMNH, has written ‘Gormphas amazonicus Bates ’, while the other two more modern labels identify that specimen, respectively, as G. amazonica and ‘ G. lacordairei Brullé, 1834 ʹ, an unavailable name referring to G. lacordairii Burmeister, 1874, junior synonym of G. inermis (see more in Cupello and Vaz-de- Mello 2013). The fourth label has handwritten the word ‘Coproides’, but the remaining information is effaced and completely unreadable. d ’ Olsoufieff (1924) examined a specimen of G. amazonica in the Muséum national d ’ Histoire naturelle, Paris, labelled ‘coproides Dej. Cayenne (coll. Mniszech) ’ and probably the unavailable name ‘coproides’ was used before the description of G. amazonica by Bates (1870) as a name in litteris to refer to this species. The three specimens found in OUMNH, in turn, including the holotype, are part of a large series of dung beetles recently collected in Bolivia and the basis for the works of Hamel-Leigue et al. (2006, 2009); they were identified and illustrated in these publications as ‘ G. lacordairei Brullé ’. The geographical distribution and probably the other information present for ‘ G. lacordairei Brullé ’ in Hamel-Leigue et al. (2006, 2009) have mixed data belonging in fact to G. jardim and G. inermis. Similarly, as said in the Introduction of the present work, in Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello (2013), we provisionally identified the specimen (now paratype) from Cáceres as a G. amazonica. Now, in possession of a greater number of specimens, the differences between G. jardim, G. inermis and G. amazonica became much clearer. Gromphas jardim shares only with G. amazonica, G. inermis and G. dichroa the characters: genae and frons granulated adjacent to eyes (Figure 1F), absence of pronotal prominence, protibiae narrower in males than in females (Figure 2), and protibial spur expanded at apex (Figure 2); only with G. amazonica and G. inermis, G. jardim shares the character margin of clypeus with four lobes (Figure 1F). Probably this last characteristic, which is an apomorphy shared by them (see the phylogenetic analysis below), was the main cause for the past misidentifications. Yet G. jardim is easily differentiated from G. inermis by having metatibial spur distinctly curved apically (straight in G. inermis), posterior margin of pronotum rounded (projected at middle in G. inermis), elytral striae carinulate (simple in G. inermis), and metasternum and sutural margin of elytra with fine and sparse punctation (dense punctation in G. inermis); furthermore, pronotal hump and sutural margin of elytra raised are present in major specimens of G. inermis but absent in G. jardim (Figure 1B). On the other hand, the medial sclerite of the internal sac of G. jardim is very similar to that of G. inermis and no significant difference between them was found ({fig. 59}). From G. amazonica, G. jardim is differentiated most easily by the shape of the apical tubercle of male protibia, which, although much more developed in G. jardim than the tiny and almost imperceptible tubercle of the other four species of Gromphas, is still much smaller than that of G. amazonica; in G. jardim, the tubercle has the shape of a tapered spur and is separated from the apical tuft of setae, which rests adjacent to the spur (Figure 2A,B); in G. amazonica, the spur is long, laterally flattened and curved and has the tuft of setae on its dorsal surface as a row of setae. The shape of the cephalic projection of G. jardim is similar to that of G. inermis, i.e. it is narrower than the distance between the apices of the apical lobes of clypeus (Figure 1F), while that of G. amazonica has the equivalent width of that distance. Other differences between G. jardim and G. amazonica are: the colour, which is dark olive green and has metallic reflections in G. jardim, but black, dark blue, dark green or reddish-brown and never has metallic reflections in G. amazonica; and the pronotal granulation, which penetrates more the posterior portion of the pronotum and, in lateral view, reaches the posterior margin in G. jardim (Figure 3A), whereas in G. amazonica the granulation is restricted to the anterior portion of the pronotum and never reaches the posterior margin (Figure 3B). The form of the granules of the head and pronotum is also distinct between the two species, being wider and flattened in G. amazonica and more rounded and smaller in G. jardim (this second form is very similar to that of G. inermis). Finally, the longitudinal carina of the ventral surface of protibia is simple in both sexes of G. jardim, resembling G. aeruginosa and G. lemoinei, but is distinct to that of G. amazonica, G. inermis and G. dichroa, which, in males, has a row of tubercles on its basal half and, in females, is simple. The constant presence of the posterior pronotal fossae in G. jardim also distinguishes this species from G. inermis and G. amazonica, in which these fossae are usually absent. The spiniform projection at the apex of apical protarsomere was not observed in one of the three females of G. jardim examined by us, and we believe that this is due to the wear, as happens in some G. amazonica, the only other species of Gromphas that has this kind of apical protarsomere (Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello 2013). On the other hand, the nature of the posterior pronotal fossae varies: in the two males observed, the fossae are clearly marked and easily visible to the naked eye, whereas those of the three females are much less marked and almost imperceptible. Whether this is a case of individual or sexual variation is difficult to say until the examination of a larger number of specimens of both sexes. Geographic distribution Brazilian subregion: South Brazilian dominion: Rondônia province. BRAZIL: MATO GROSSO: Cáceres. BOLÍVIA: BENI: Moxos. COCHABAMBA: ‘ Territory of the Yuracaré people, north side of the Cordillera de Cochabamba ’ (Figure 5). Comments While the holotype and the three female paratypes of G. jardim were collected in the 21st century and have label information detailed enough to permit an easy understanding of their origin, the male paratype is much older and has a puzzling history. Only one of the five labels attached to this specimen before our work has information about its provenance (Figure 4). This label is circular and has ‘ Bolivia ’ written on one side and ‘ 46/76 ʹ, on the other side. According to Max Barclay (pers. comm.), ‘ 1846 – 76 refers to a collection, all with the same data, acquired in 1846 and including 325 Coleoptera and 250 Lepidoptera ’, and these collecting data are ‘ Territory of Juacares Indians (north side of the Cortillera (sic) de Cochabamba) ’. We believe that ‘ Juacares Indians ’ refers to the Yuracaré, an indigenous people resident on the north side of the Cordillera de Cochabamba, in the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia. To our knowledge, the only European naturalist who crossed this remote region before 1846 was the French zoologist and explorer Alcide d ’ Orbigny (1802 – 1857), who visited a Yuracaré village on May 28 1832 and stayed there for 4 days (Papavero 1971). Indeed, d ’ Orbigny described and illustrated in detail this people in his great work Voyage dans l’ Amérique Méridionale (d ’ Orbigny 1835 – 1847). So we believe he was the probable collector of the male paratype of G. jardim. This finding is also interesting because, if correct, it indicates that not all insects collected by Alcide d ’ Orbigny are deposited in the Muséum National d ’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, as suggested by Horn and Kahle (1936) and Evenhuis (1997). Bionomics The label data indicate that the holotype and the two paratypes from Beni, Bolivia, were collected in traps baited with human faeces in open habitats. These specimens also had some unidentified phoretic mites attached to their legs, especially to the metatarsi. The recorded months for G . jardim are May and October.Published as part of Cupello, Mario & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., 2015, A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini), pp. 943-969 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 946-953, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091099, http://zenodo.org/record/399044
Gromphas jardim Cupello
No full textGromphas jardim Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello sp. nov. (Figures 1 – 7) Gromphas lacordairei: Hamel-Leigue et al., 2006: 6, fig. 49,50; Hamel-Leigue et al., 2009: 61 (part), 49 (part), fig. 14 (part), figs 27,28. Gromphas amazonica: Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello 2013: 463 (all the fifth paragraph of ‘ Intraspecific variation and taxonomic discussion ’ section). Type specimens Holotype: BOLÍVIA: BENI: Moxos, Río Ichiguita, 155 m, 15°08 ’ S, 65°18 ʹ W, 20.V.2005, C. Hamel and T. Vidaurre cols. – male (OUMNH) [“ BOLIVIA: Beni, Rio Ichiguita, 155 m., 15º08 ʹ S 65º18 ʹ O, 20.v.2005, Sabana. Trap. cebo heces humano. prep./col.: C. Hamel, T. Vidaurre ”, “ Gromphas lacordairei Brullé, 1834 det. A. C. Hamel. OUMNH-2006-097 ”, “ Trap 7 ”, “ HOLOTIPO ”, “ HOLOTYPE. Gromphas jardim sp. nov. Cupello & Vaz-de-Mello des. 2014 ♂ ”] (Figure 1A – D, F). Aedeagus extracted and genital capsule glued in a triangular label and internal sac placed in a microvial with glycerine, all pinned with the holotype. Paratypes: BRAZIL: MATO GROSSO: Cáceres, 10 October 2008, E. Silva col. – 1 female (CEMT; specimen identified in Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello (2013, pp. 463 – 464) as G. amazonica). BOLÍVIA: BENI: Moxos, Río Ichiguita, 155 m, 15°08 ’ S, 65°18 ʹ W, 19 May 2005, C. Hamel and T. Vidaurre cols. – 1 female (MNRJ) and 1 female (OUMNH). COCHABAMBA: Territory of the Yuracaré people (“ Juacares Indians ”), north side of the Cordillera de Cochabamba (“ Cortillera de Cochabamba ”), without date and collector (probably collected by Alcide d ’ Orbigny in 1832; see comments below) – 1 male (BMNH). Etymology The specific name, a noun in apposition, is a patronym honouring Arlindo da Silva Jardim (1923 – 2014), Brazilian aviator and grandfather of the first author. Having grown up in the small, rural village of Dom Viçoso, Minas Gerais, Arlindo Jardim achieved his childhood dream and flew professionally worldwide for over four decades. He will remain as a source of inspiration for MC. Description Colour. Anterior region of clypeus black; remainder of head and pronotum with dark olive green and copper metallic reflections. Elytra, metasternum, ventral surface of legs and pygidium dark olive green with metallic sheen and silky appearance. Ventrites entirely black or black with week metallic green reflections. Head. Margin of clypeus with four lobes (Figure 1F) and distinctly upturned. Genae and frons completely granulate, including region adjacent to eyes (Figure 1F). Cephalic projection a raised carina with converging sides and emarginate apex in major specimens (Figure 1G); apex narrower than distance between apices of apical lobes of clypeus (Figure 1F). Thorax. Pronotum convex; lateral region with dense granulation reaching the posterior margin (Figure 3A), density of granulation decreasing posteromedially; posteromedian region smooth or with strongly effaced granulation (Figures 1A, E, 4); posterior fossae apparent only as two very shallow and sometimes only weakly indicated impressions removed from the pronotal posterior margin (Figures 1E, 4). Posterior margin of pronotum rounded. Mesosternum with dense pilosity. Metasternum with fine and sparse punctation at centre. Anteromedian angle of metasternum convex and with globose apex; area in front of anteromedian angle with evident setae. Legs. Protibia slightly narrower in males than in females (Figure 2); in ventral view, longitudinal carina simple in both sexes (Figure 2A). Space between protibial lateral teeth deeper in males than in females (Figure 2). Protibial spur with apex strongly expanded and curved downward (Figure 2). Inner apical angle of protibia with a tuft of setae longer and denser in males than in females; in males, tubercle of inner apical angle developed as a short and tapered spur independent of apical tuft of setae (Figure 2). Apical protarsomere with a long, distal spiniform prolongation. Mesotarsi and metatarsi with apical tarsomere slightly curved at apex. Metatibia very broad and robust. Metatibial spur with apex distinctly curved. Elytra. Striae very fine and, especially striae 1 – 4, carinulate from base to half or apical two-thirds of elytra. Sutural margin glossy and only sparsely punctate; basal half of sutural margin with sheen extending laterally onto first or second interstria. Abdomen. Pygidium lacking basal margin and with irregular sculpture. Groove of propygidium extending to base of pygidium. Abdominal sternites microsculptured and sparsely punctuated. Aedeagus. Apex of phallobase, in ventral view, with membranous area expanded triangularly in the middle (Figure 1C). Medial sclerite only slightly curved, almost flat. Measurements (four specimens: two males and two females) TL: AV: 15.2; MX: 16.3; MN: 13.9. PL: AV: 12.3; MX: 13; MN: 11.7. PW: AV: 8.5; MX: 9; MN: 8. Intraspecific variation and taxonomic discussion At a first glance, G. jardim resembles superficially G. amazonica and, to a lesser degree, G. inermis, and, in fact, has been confused with these species both in collections and recent publications. Deposited at the BMNH, the oldest specimen known to us bears four labels with different identifications (Figure 4): an older, which by the calligraphy we assign to Charles O. Waterhouse, former curator of entomology at the BMNH, has written ‘Gormphas amazonicus Bates ’, while the other two more modern labels identify that specimen, respectively, as G. amazonica and ‘ G. lacordairei Brullé, 1834 ʹ, an unavailable name referring to G. lacordairii Burmeister, 1874, junior synonym of G. inermis (see more in Cupello and Vaz-de- Mello 2013). The fourth label has handwritten the word ‘Coproides’, but the remaining information is effaced and completely unreadable. d ’ Olsoufieff (1924) examined a specimen of G. amazonica in the Muséum national d ’ Histoire naturelle, Paris, labelled ‘coproides Dej. Cayenne (coll. Mniszech) ’ and probably the unavailable name ‘coproides’ was used before the description of G. amazonica by Bates (1870) as a name in litteris to refer to this species. The three specimens found in OUMNH, in turn, including the holotype, are part of a large series of dung beetles recently collected in Bolivia and the basis for the works of Hamel-Leigue et al. (2006, 2009); they were identified and illustrated in these publications as ‘ G. lacordairei Brullé ’. The geographical distribution and probably the other information present for ‘ G. lacordairei Brullé ’ in Hamel-Leigue et al. (2006, 2009) have mixed data belonging in fact to G. jardim and G. inermis. Similarly, as said in the Introduction of the present work, in Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello (2013), we provisionally identified the specimen (now paratype) from Cáceres as a G. amazonica. Now, in possession of a greater number of specimens, the differences between G. jardim, G. inermis and G. amazonica became much clearer. Gromphas jardim shares only with G. amazonica, G. inermis and G. dichroa the characters: genae and frons granulated adjacent to eyes (Figure 1F), absence of pronotal prominence, protibiae narrower in males than in females (Figure 2), and protibial spur expanded at apex (Figure 2); only with G. amazonica and G. inermis, G. jardim shares the character margin of clypeus with four lobes (Figure 1F). Probably this last characteristic, which is an apomorphy shared by them (see the phylogenetic analysis below), was the main cause for the past misidentifications. Yet G. jardim is easily differentiated from G. inermis by having metatibial spur distinctly curved apically (straight in G. inermis), posterior margin of pronotum rounded (projected at middle in G. inermis), elytral striae carinulate (simple in G. inermis), and metasternum and sutural margin of elytra with fine and sparse punctation (dense punctation in G. inermis); furthermore, pronotal hump and sutural margin of elytra raised are present in major specimens of G. inermis but absent in G. jardim (Figure 1B). On the other hand, the medial sclerite of the internal sac of G. jardim is very similar to that of G. inermis and no significant difference between them was found ({fig. 59}). From G. amazonica, G. jardim is differentiated most easily by the shape of the apical tubercle of male protibia, which, although much more developed in G. jardim than the tiny and almost imperceptible tubercle of the other four species of Gromphas, is still much smaller than that of G. amazonica; in G. jardim, the tubercle has the shape of a tapered spur and is separated from the apical tuft of setae, which rests adjacent to the spur (Figure 2A,B); in G. amazonica, the spur is long, laterally flattened and curved and has the tuft of setae on its dorsal surface as a row of setae. The shape of the cephalic projection of G. jardim is similar to that of G. inermis, i.e. it is narrower than the distance between the apices of the apical lobes of clypeus (Figure 1F), while that of G. amazonica has the equivalent width of that distance. Other differences between G. jardim and G. amazonica are: the colour, which is dark olive green and has metallic reflections in G. jardim, but black, dark blue, dark green or reddish-brown and never has metallic reflections in G. amazonica; and the pronotal granulation, which penetrates more the posterior portion of the pronotum and, in lateral view, reaches the posterior margin in G. jardim (Figure 3A), whereas in G. amazonica the granulation is restricted to the anterior portion of the pronotum and never reaches the posterior margin (Figure 3B). The form of the granules of the head and pronotum is also distinct between the two species, being wider and flattened in G. amazonica and more rounded and smaller in G. jardim (this second form is very similar to that of G. inermis). Finally, the longitudinal carina of the ventral surface of protibia is simple in both sexes of G. jardim, resembling G. aeruginosa and G. lemoinei, but is distinct to that of G. amazonica, G. inermis and G. dichroa, which, in males, has a row of tubercles on its basal half and, in females, is simple. The constant presence of the posterior pronotal fossae in G. jardim also distinguishes this species from G. inermis and G. amazonica, in which these fossae are usually absent. The spiniform projection at the apex of apical protarsomere was not observed in one of the three females of G. jardim examined by us, and we believe that this is due to the wear, as happens in some G. amazonica, the only other species of Gromphas that has this kind of apical protarsomere (Cupello and Vaz-de-Mello 2013). On the other hand, the nature of the posterior pronotal fossae varies: in the two males observed, the fossae are clearly marked and easily visible to the naked eye, whereas those of the three females are much less marked and almost imperceptible. Whether this is a case of individual or sexual variation is difficult to say until the examination of a larger number of specimens of both sexes. Geographic distribution Brazilian subregion: South Brazilian dominion: Rondônia province. BRAZIL: MATO GROSSO: Cáceres. BOLÍVIA: BENI: Moxos. COCHABAMBA: ‘ Territory of the Yuracaré people, north side of the Cordillera de Cochabamba ’ (Figure 5). Comments While the holotype and the three female paratypes of G. jardim were collected in the 21st century and have label information detailed enough to permit an easy understanding of their origin, the male paratype is much older and has a puzzling history. Only one of the five labels attached to this specimen before our work has information about its provenance (Figure 4). This label is circular and has ‘ Bolivia ’ written on one side and ‘ 46/76 ʹ, on the other side. According to Max Barclay (pers. comm.), ‘ 1846 – 76 refers to a collection, all with the same data, acquired in 1846 and including 325 Coleoptera and 250 Lepidoptera ’, and these collecting data are ‘ Territory of Juacares Indians (north side of the Cortillera (sic) de Cochabamba) ’. We believe that ‘ Juacares Indians ’ refers to the Yuracaré, an indigenous people resident on the north side of the Cordillera de Cochabamba, in the department of Cochabamba, Bolivia. To our knowledge, the only European naturalist who crossed this remote region before 1846 was the French zoologist and explorer Alcide d ’ Orbigny (1802 – 1857), who visited a Yuracaré village on May 28 1832 and stayed there for 4 days (Papavero 1971). Indeed, d ’ Orbigny described and illustrated in detail this people in his great work Voyage dans l’ Amérique Méridionale (d ’ Orbigny 1835 – 1847). So we believe he was the probable collector of the male paratype of G. jardim. This finding is also interesting because, if correct, it indicates that not all insects collected by Alcide d ’ Orbigny are deposited in the Muséum National d ’ Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France, as suggested by Horn and Kahle (1936) and Evenhuis (1997). Bionomics The label data indicate that the holotype and the two paratypes from Beni, Bolivia, were collected in traps baited with human faeces in open habitats. These specimens also had some unidentified phoretic mites attached to their legs, especially to the metatarsi. The recorded months for G . jardim are May and October.Published as part of Cupello, Mario & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., 2015, A new species and the phylogeny of the South American genus Gromphas Brullé, 1837 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Phanaeini), pp. 943-969 in Journal of Natural History 50 on pages 946-953, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2015.1091099, http://zenodo.org/record/399044
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