1,720,959 research outputs found
Anna Fischer-Dückelmann (1856-1917): Extract from Woman as Family Doctor (1905)
No full textAnna Fischer-Dückelmann (1856-1917) was one of the first female doctors trained in Switzerland, the first Western country to accept female medical students into the same institutions as men. She was a controversial figure who sought to liberate women from 'illness, prejudice and ignorance', which she believed was caused by an ignorance of medical matters, through the publication of a female-centred health book. Her text Woman as Family Doctor was first published in German in 1901. Almost 900 pages long, the manual contained precise and avant-garde information about women's health. The first edition depicted controversial images of female genitalia and contracep-tive methods. However, the revolutionary nature of the original text was later subdued, adapted and censored to suit male lecturers and readers. These later, less controversial versions remained popular, seeing translations in French, English, Polish and Spanish and remaining in print until the 1960s
Quand la Suisse était "féministe" : une petite histoire de la féminisation de la médecine à la Belle Époque"
No full textDes années 1860 jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale, la Suisse était connue pour son « féminisme médical » et attirait des femmes qui venaient du monde entier pour y étudier la médecine. En 1906, toutes les facultés de médecine helvétiques avaient dépassé la parité et la Suisse comptait même plus d’étudiantes inscrites en médecine que l’intégralité de tout le reste de l’Europe ou des États-Unis. Tirant parti des résultats d’une enquête historique exploratoire sur les premières femmes médecins helvétiques, cet article revient sur cette histoire méconnue de la féminisation pionnière des facultés de médecine suisses et sur son impact sur l’innovation médicale
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Measuring kinship and balancing interests across species: the work of two Swiss bioethics committees
No full textDuring the 80s and '90s, the Swiss Confederation dealt with several popular initiatives to regulate biotechnologies and genetic research. In 1998, the (theological) notion of the dignity of the creature regarding biotechnologies was introduced in the constitution, establishing what could be seen as a strong base to protect all species from the potential risks associated with genetic modifications, reproductive technologies, and innovations like xenotransplantation.Two Swiss advisory bioethical instances (the Swiss Ethical Committee on Non-human Biotechnologies (ECNH) and the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (SAMS)) tackled the work of interpreting the constitutional notion for non-human entities to concretize it into applied legislation and regulations. Using minutes and archives, our research shows how members compared species and how the dignity of the creature, instead of being applied horizontally, was reinstalled within a rather conservative perspective by continuing a strong human-centered hierarchy.Contributing to this panel’s interest in kinship measurements, we analyze, more specifically, the “balance of interests,” an ethical-legal device proposed by these bioethical bodies to value the lives and interests of different species - against each other - in research and commercial projects. We focus on the historical trajectory of the device, tracing its emergence, justification, and functioning in specific reports, and show how it is essential to understand how Swiss legislation considers non-human species. We then ask whether it inherently upholds species hierarchies - or if alternative weightings may be possible
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
A fragile concept and its consequences – human and other species dignity in the work of Swiss bioethics institutions
No full textDuring the 80s and '90s, the Swiss Confederation had to deal with several popular initiatives aimed at regulating biotechnologies and medical research on genetic materials. This period can be summed up as the reinterpretation of living beings as potentially vulnerable to scientific and technical advancements, against which they should be protected. With the 1998 inclusion of the notion of the dignity of the creature regarding biotechnologies in the Swiss constitution, regulatory intents gained what looks like a strong base to protect all living beings from the dangers of medical research and the use of genetic modifications or reproductive technologies. Yet, while the constitutional notion would protect vulnerable living beings against the potential abuses of genetic research and developments, the inquiries conducted by two bioethical instances of interest (the Swiss Ethical Committee on Non-human Biotechnologies (ECNH) and the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences (SAMS)) into what the notion would mean for non-humans such as animals and plants draw from, and thus reproduce and recreate, classical philosophical and theological models of a species’ hierarchy dominated by human beings. Where other, more horizontal definitions of living beings and their shared vulnerabilities have been offered to provide a stronger response to several contemporary issues (Braidotti 2013; Haraway 2008; Laugier 2016), the ECNH and SAMS debates and arguments let us grasp a rather conservative conversation.This contribution draws from archival material and committee minutes to retrace how these two bioethical instances (re)produced (non-human) fragilities, for example by enforcing traditional hierarchies and boundaries amongst species, or by including or excluding certain entities (such as the cells) from their debates and regulatory recommendations aimed at the dignity of the creature. We also consider how bioethical inquiries in institutional contexts can be seen as fragile endeavors that must conceal the work they do to delineate a way to proceed and produce acceptable claims (Douglas-Jones 2015, 2022) and to reduce complex social issues to an ethics vocabulary that seems to perpetuate itself (Tornay 2021) - a work that is much more visible in minutes and preparatory texts than in officialguidelines and recommendations (Gouilhers and Riom 2019; Stark 2011). Finally, we will discuss how these explorations can contribute to STS perspectives on vulnerabilities.ReferencesBraidotti, Rosi. 2013. The Posthuman. Wiley.Douglas-Jones, Rachel. 2015. “A ‘good’ Ethical Review: Audit and Professionalism inResearch Ethics.” Social Anthropology 23(1):53–67. doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12099.Douglas-Jones, Rachel. 2022. “Committee Work: Stem Cell Governance in the United States:Control.” The Palgrave Handbook of the Anthropology of Technology 647–70. doi:10.1007/978-981-16-7084-8_33/COVER.Gouilhers, Solène, and Loïc Riom. 2019. “Ethics in the Making. For a Pragmatic Approach toResearch Ethics Commissions.” Revue d’Anthropologie Des Connaissances 13(2):503–26
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