1,720,958 research outputs found
The Moral Brain in Context: Political Orientation, Empathy, and Evaluation of Everyday Behavior
No full textMoral judgments are central to guiding social interactions, influencing whom we trust, cooperate with, or avoid. While extensive research has examined the cognitive and affective bases of moral evaluation, less is known about how stable traits – such as political orientation and empathy – shape these judgments and their neural correlates in ecologically valid contexts. Across two studies, we investigated how people evaluate individuals who committed harmful, helpful, or neutral actions. In Study 1 (N = 214), participants read everyday moral scenarios paired with neutral faces. Empathy moderated gender effects in judging harmful acts, and political orientation selectively influenced ratings of morally ambiguous (neutral) actions. In Study 2 (N = 39), pre-screened conservatives and progressives (N = 675 prescreen) viewed the same agents in an EEG paradigm. Likeability ratings varied by moral valence but not political orientation. Event-related potential analyses revealed that conservatives showed consistently elevated Late Positive Potentials (LPPs) across all conditions, whereas progressives displayed selective LPP enhancement for helpful individuals, suggesting group differences in motivational salience attribution. Together, these findings show that political orientation and empathy influence both explicit moral evaluations and neural processing of socially relevant information. Such insights deepen our understanding of how enduring traits shape moral judgments
Beyond bidimensional measures: Introducing a culturally tailored measure of political orientation
No full textPolitical orientation profoundly influences individual and social decisions. Yet adequate and culturally adaptable tools to quantify it are missing. In personality research, it is common to use questionnaires to capture the multifaceted nature of a construct. Thus, surprisingly, most studies assess political orientation using single-item scales that fail to account for cultural contexts beyond two-party systems. Using a bottom-up approach in which the core content of political orientation was defined by a German sample (N = 117), the current preregistered study developed a contemporary German questionnaire of political orientation (CGPOQ). The CGPOQ consists of 20 items that together form three main factors: “Tradition and National Security,” Gender and Sexuality,” and “Global Thinking.” The factor structure that was determined by exploratory factor analysis (N = 1,089) was validated by confirmatory factor analysis in an independent sample (N = 303). Good fit was demonstrated by comparing the CGPOQ with several convergent (self-identification, older conservatism questionnaire, voting intention, social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism) and divergent (religiosity, empathy) measures. The results indicate that the CGPOQ is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring political orientation in a German population. Furthermore, it challenges the assumption that political orientation relies on the same two dimensions across cultures
It's moral: judgments in everyday life
Get PDFMoralische Urteile spielen eine wichtige Rolle in alltäglichen sozialen Interaktionen. Aufgrund ihrer Relevanz für menschliche Kognition und Verhalten sind sie bereits seit Jahrhunderten zentraler Forschungsgegenstand. Allerdings berücksichtigten bisherige Studien kaum alltägliche Interaktionen, konzentrierten sich fast ausschließlich auf moralisch verwerfliches Verhalten und bezogen nur selten relevante Personenmerkmale ein. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, mit einem personenzentrierten Ansatz und anhand alltagsnaher Verhaltensweisen den Einfluss von Emotionen und Personenmerkmalen auf moralische Urteile zu untersuchen. In Studie 1 wurde eine große Anzahl moralisch schädlicher, hilfreicher und neutraler Alltagsszenarien entworfen und validiert. In Studie 2 wurde untersucht, wie Versuchspersonen moralisches sowie neutrales Verhalten eines Akteurs/einer Akteurin gegenüber einer anderen Person beurteilen und wie dieses Urteil von ihren Personenmerkmalen (d. h. ihrer politischen Orientierung, Empathie und ihrem Geschlecht) beeinflusst wird. In Studie 3 wurden konservative und progressive Versuchspersonen vorausgewählt, bevor sie an einer EEG-Studie teilnahmen. Es wurde untersucht, ob die neuronalen Reaktionen auf und die Sympathie für moralische Akteur*innen in Abhängigkeit der politischen Orientierung der Versuchspersonen sowie der Taten und des Geschlechts der Akteur*innen variieren. Studie 4 nutzte noch realistischere Szenarien anhand tatsächlicher Begebenheiten während der Corona-Pandemie. Über einen Zeitraum von vier Monaten haben wir haben untersucht, wie deutsche und italienische Versuchspersonen moralische Dilemmas beurteilen und wie diese Urteile von Angst und Alter der Versuchspersonen beeinflusst werden. In Studie 5 wurde ein deutscher Fragebogen zur politischen Orientierung erstellt und validiert, mit dem Ziel, ein zuverlässiges und kulturell angemessenes Instrument zur Untersuchung des Einflusses der politischen Orientierung auf moralische Urteile zur Verfügung zu haben. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass Emotionen und Personenmerkmale eine wichtige Rolle für moralische Urteile spielen. Darüber hinaus stellen die validierten Szenarien sowie der neu entwickelte deutsche Fragebogen zur politischen Orientierung wertvolle Instrumente für die zukünftige Moralforschung dar.Moral judgments play a major role in everyday social interactions. Due to their relevance for human cognition and behavior, they have been a central object of research for centuries. However, previous studies rarely considered everyday interactions, focused almost exclusively on morally reprehensible behavior and only occasionally included relevant person characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to use a person-centered approach and behavior that is close to real life to investigate the influences of emotion and person characteristics in moral judgments. In Study 1, a large set of morally harmful, helpful, and neutral everyday scenarios were designed and validated. Study 2 investigated how participants judge moral and neutral behavior of an agent towards another person and how this judgment is influenced by their person-dependent characteristics (i.e., their political orientation, empathy, and gender). In Study 3, conservative and progressive participants were preselected before taking part in an EEG study. It was examined whether neural responses towards and the likeability of moral agents vary based on the participants’ political orientation and the agents’ actions as well as their gender. Study 4 examined even more realistic scenarios based on actual events during the corona pandemic. Over the time course of four months, we investigated how German and Italian participants judge moral dilemmas and how these judgments are influenced by participants’ fear and age. In Study 5, a German questionnaire of political orientation was validated with the aim of creating a reliable and culturally appropriate tool to investigate the influence of political orientation in moral judgments. Overall, the results indicate that emotion and person characteristics play a vital role in moral judgments. In addition, the validated scenarios as well as the newly developed German questionnaire of political orientation provide valuable tools for future research of morality.2023-02-1
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
- …
