6,094 research outputs found
The effects of debt subsidies on corporate investment behavior
No full textThis paper argues that credit subsidies are ineffective in stimulating business investment in productive assets. Instead, they lead to an increase in corporate holdings of financial assets and real estate. For empirical verification, the investment patterns in a sample of 241 Korean corporations listed on the Korean Stock Exchange between 1984 and 1988 were examined. The authors found a significant positive relation between corporate speculative asset holding and access to subsidized loans. Their estimates indicate that without interest rate controls and other forms of subsidy, corporate holdings of speculative assets would have been one-seventh of observed levels. Moreover, most corporate real estate holdings appear to be unrelated to production activities. Little evidence is found that the Korean government's interest rate controls and credit allocation policy have accelerated expansion of corporate investment. If anything, the controls are partly to blame for the overheated Korean stock market during 1986-88.Economic Theory&Research,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Banks&Banking Reform,Environmental Economics&Policies,Municipal Financial Management
Replication Data for: "Space Matters: extending sensitivity analysis to initial spatial conditions in geosimulation models"
No full textSimulation data used in the pape
Replication Data for: "Space Matters: extending sensitivity analysis to initial spatial conditions in geosimulation models"
No full textSimulation data used in the pape
Ventrops vikhrevi Cerretti & Ziegler & Pape 2015, sp. n.
No full textVentrops vikhrevi sp. n. Fig. 1 Etymology: This species name is a patronym for Nikita Vikhrev, who has provided invaluable specimens from his collecting for our studies, including the species newly described here. Diagnosis: The new species V. vikhrevi sp. n. is characterised by (i) compound eye large but not enormously developed so that both gena and parafacial are distinct; (ii) posterior eye margin not indented; (iii) parafacial setose (Fig. 1A); (iv) lateral vertical seta well differentiated from postocular row; (v) basicosta yellow; (vi) wing cell r 4+5 open (Fig. 1B); (vii) cercus not shortened, 0.8× as long as surstylus (Fig. 1E, F); and (viii) median process of ventral sclerotisation of distiphallus very long, extending beyond thE acROphallus, asYmmEtRical aNd apicallY bRaNchiNg iNtO sEVERal, lONg, fiNgER-shapEd sclerites (Fig. 1D). Description (measurements in square brackets refer to the holotype): Body length. 5.1–5.3[5.3] mm. Coloration. Head shiny black covered with light brownish microtomentum only on genal dilation. Palpus blackish brown. Thorax black, covered with weak brownish grey REflEctiNg micROtOmENtum, lEgs aNd abdOmEN shiNY blacK. HaltER with YEllOw stalK aNd black knob. Upper and lower calypteres whitish. Tegula black. Basicosta yellow. Wing membrane brownish anteriorly and around veins. Head (Fig. 1A). Arista thickened only proximally, covered with microtrichia which are shorter than maximum proximal diameter of arista. First and second aristomeres not elongated. Postpedicel sub-ovoid, about as long as pedicel. Frons at its narrowest point 1.25–1.43[1.43]× as wide as compound eye in dorsal view. Ocellar seta well developed, proclinate. One or 2 pairs of lateroclinate setae, behind ocellar triangle, between ocellar and postocellar setae with variable size. Medial vertical seta strong, reclinate. Lateral vertical seta well developed. Usually 3 to 4 strong proclinate orbital setae, the holotype has on the right side only 2 setae. Five to 8 frontal setae (of different thickness and length) descending anteroventrally to level of proximal edge of pedicel (or slightly above). Parafacial with a row of stout, short setulae along its whole length. Parafacial at its narrowest point (i.e. true width, not in strict lateral view), [0.8]0.8–1.0× as wide as postpedicel. Face and lower facial margin not visible in lateral view. Vibrissa well developed. Vibrissal angle receding. Facial ridge strongly concave, with 3 decumbent setulae above vibrissa. Genal dilation well developed, covered with robust setulae. Gena iN pROfilE abOut 0.25–0.35[0.30]× as high as cOmpOuNd EYE. POstOculaR sEtaE shORt. Occiput slightly convex, covered with black setulae. Prementum stubby, not longer than wide. Palpus slightly clavate with some setulae on distal half. Thorax. Prosternum and proepisternal depression bare.Ventral proepimeral seta oriented anteroventrally. Two or 3 postpronotal setae arranged in a straight line. One pair of prescutellar acrostichal setae, 2 + 3 dorsocentral setae, 0 + 2 intra-alar setae and 1 + 3 supRa-alaR sEtaE (fiRst aNd thiRd pOstsutuRal supRa-alaR sEtaE VERY shORt, sEcONd ONE enormous); 1 posthumeral seta, 2 well-developed notopleural setae. Anatergite bare. Two upper katepisternal setae (posterior one clearly longer), plus 3–4 smaller additional setulae and a tuft of setulae in the lower part. One strong and 1–4 short anepimeral setae. Katepimeron bare or with 1 small seta anteriorly. Scutellum with 2 pairs of strong marginal setae (apicals and subapicals); basal pair absent or barely distinguishable (i.e. at most ¼ the length of subapical setae). Subapicals robust and slightly divergent; apical pair crossed and horizontal, approx. ¾ as long as subapical setae. One pair of discal scutellar setae, in subapical position. Wing (Fig. 1B). Costal spine well differentiated. Base of R 4+5 with 2–3 relatively long setulae dorsally. Bend of M widely obtuse. Section of M between dm-cu and bend of M about 1.5× as long as section between dm-cu and r-m. Cell r 4+5 open. Abdomen. Mid-dORsal dEpREssiON ON sYNtERgitE 1+2 cONfiNEd tO aNtERiOR ⅓ Of that segment. Syntergite 1+2 with 1 pair of median marginal setae; tergite 3 with 1 pair of erect median marginal setae. Tergite 4 with a complete row of marginal setae; tergite 5 with a row of marginal setae (median pair erect). Male terminalia (Fig. 1C–F). Sternite 5 with a deep posterior median notch. Tergite 6 uNmOdifiEd, baRE. CONNEctiON bEtwEEN tERgitE 6 aNd sYNtERgOstERNitE 7+8 mEmbRaNOus. Sternite 6 asymmetrical, articulated with segment 7+8 on left side, and attached to it by a membrane on its right side. Cerci, in posterior view, narrow and relatively long, not fusEd mEdiallY. BacillifORm sclERitEs flattENEd dORsO-VENtRallY aNd cONVERgiNg mEdiallY. SuRstYlus wEll dEVElOpEd, lONgER thaN cERcus. BacillifORm sclERitE fiRmlY fusEd tO basE Of surstylus. Articulation between surstylus and epandrium membranous. Intermedium not fused to pregonites. Pregonite lobe-like, gently bent forward, with 2 or 3 setulae along posterior margin. Postgonite subtriangular in shape, apically bent forward; submedian anterior seta of postgonite present. Postgonal apodeme present. Epiphallus strong, with simple tip (i.e. not sagitally bilobed). Extension of dorsal sclerite of distiphallus entirely fused medially. Median process of ventral sclerotisation of distiphallus very long, extending beyond acrophallus, asymmetrical and apically branching into several, long, fiNgER-shapEd sclERitEs (Fig. 1D). DORsal sclEROtisatiON Of acROphallus sEmi-cYliNdRical, open ventrally. Distiphallus with long and pointed, scale-like spinulae latero-ventrally. HOlOtYpE ♂, PaRatYpEs 2♂: ETHIOPIA: Amhara, Zengena L. / 2530 m, 10.910N 36.965E / 02.VIII.2012 N. Vikhrev. Holotype: The second author added a label printed on red paper: “ HOLOTYPUS / Ventrops / vikhrevi / Cerretti, Ziegler & Pape 2014 ”. The holotype was deposited in ZMUM. Paratypes: Both specimens are labelled with “ PARATYPUS / Ventrops / vikhrevi / Cerretti, Ziegler & Pape 2014 ” (printed on red paper). One specimen was deposited in MZUR, the other in ZMHB.Published as part of Cerretti, Pierfilippo, Ziegler, Joachim & Pape, Thomas, 2015, A new Ventrops (Diptera: Rhinophoridae) from Ethiopia, pp. 579 in African Invertebrates 56 (3) on pages 580-582, DOI: 10.5733/afin.056.0306, http://zenodo.org/record/791443
Administrative valuation of Soviet agricultural land : results using Lithuanian production data
No full textNew land tenure arrangements in the USSR require that agricultural producers pay for land use. The current distorted pricing system and the absence of functioning land markets complicate land valuation, and slow the adoption of new property relations. In a market economy that functions well, agricultural land would earn its approximate marginal value product in agricultural production. This value can be measured empirically from production data and can serve as an appropriate initial value for users'fees. The author estimates marginal value products for land for 1,032 collective and state farms in Lithuania using farm-level data for 1986 and 1987 and compares the marginal value products derived from actual received producer prices with those derived from border prices with alternative assumed exchange rates for the ruble.Environmental Economics&Policies,Economic Theory&Research,Markets and Market Access,Access to Markets,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems
Sarcophaga (Sarcorohdendorfia) narabondxii Geisler & Pape 2023, sp. nov.
No full textSarcophaga (Sarcorohdendorfia) narabondxii sp. nov. Figs 13–14 Type material: Holotype ♁: LFloridaI / SolomonIs / Mar 1945 / GEBohart. Terminalia glued to a separate piece of cardboard pinned under the specimen. Deposited in USNM. Type locality: Solomon Islands, Central Province, Nggele Islands [= Florida Islands]. Etymology: The name narabondxii (from Narabond = a fictional nation, and xii = Roman numeral for twelve) was chosen as an homage to the players that portray the fictional group of soldiers from the twelfth company of the fictional nation Narabond, which is part of the Danish live-action roleplaying universe Niraham and the community “Nordlenets Saga ”. The junior author (LG) is an active member, and soldiers will dress in black and yellow colours reminiscent of the present species. Suggested pronunciation: n/ɑː/r/ɑː/bonds/ɪaɪ/. Description: Male—Head: Width of frons at narrowest point 0.04 x width of head (n = 1). Tomentum bright yellow across entirety of face with greyish spot on the post-gena and a black patch inside the ocellar triangle. Frontal setae equally strong from vertex to the upper part of parafacial plate, stretching past lunule and all the way to the end of the frontoorbital plate. Ocellar triangle with scattered setulae, ocellar setae equal to the weakest of the frontal setae. Inner vertical seta stronger than strongest frontal setae, outer vertical seta approximately 0.5 x length of inner vertical seta. Antenna with black scape and pedicel, golden brown postpedicel with golden brown arista. Palpus black. Vibrissa well developed [judged from the socket, the seta itself has been lost]. Genal and postgenal setae yellowish. Thorax: Yellow tomentum, matching colour of head; dorsally with three black stripes, middle stripe running from presutural scutum to approximately 0.5 of the length of scutellum, lateral stripes running from presutural to 0.9 of the length of postsutural scutum. Prosternum with black setae laterally. Chaetotaxy: acrostichals = 0+0, dorsocentrals = 5+2 (one broken but socket remaining), intra-alars = 2+2, supra-alars = 2+3, postalars = 2, anterior postpronotal = 0, basal postpronotal = 2, basal scutellars = 1, subapical scutellars = 2, apical scutellars = 1, discal scutellars = 0. Legs: Brown with greyish yellow area posteriorly on fore femur. Hind tibia with long and strong setosity along posterior surface. Wing: Veins brown with cubital vein and anal veins fading distally. Wing membrane hyaline, subcostal and discal cell with brown tint. Alula whitish to light brown. Upper and lower calypter whitish with yellow edge. Vein R4+5 with dorsal setulae at base, cell r4+5 open at wing margin. Abdomen: T1+2 black with two lighter grey spots on each side of median line, T3–5 with yellow tomentum except for black anterior bands; black median stripe reaching T5. Median marginal setae present on T4 and T5. Posterior margin of ST4 with patch of densely set short, bristly setae on a raised ‘hump’ covering about a third of the posterior margin. Terminalia: Cercus gently curved, with dorsal surface equipped with several robust setae in the middle. Hypandrium with posterior margin folding downwards as a pair of rugose or striated lobes. Pregonite deeply split, with larger tip blunt; postgonite tapering, with sigmoid anterior margin. Juxta tapering; vesica broad, with subapical tooth on a long, slender ‘neck’, apically with blunt tip; lateral stylus at least twice as long as juxta, with distal fourth partly membranous and without serration along the concave surface. Remarks: The holotype label gives the locality as “LFloridaI”, but the initial L is here interpreted as an error. The US navy had a base on Nggela Sule, which is the larger of the two main islands often referred to as Florida Islands (United States 1947), and George E. Bohart probably collected the specimen when deployed there as a medical entomologist (Entomological Society of America 2011). Morphologically S. narabondxii sp. nov. is most similar to S. isorokui (Shinonaga) but separable by the features given in the key. The sparse current material would indicate that S. narabondxii sp. nov. is found only on the Nggela Islands, while S. isorokui is restricted to Bougainville Island more than 500 km to the west.Published as part of Geisler, Lucas & Pape, Thomas, 2023, Two new species of the ' Big Yellows' (Diptera: Sarcophagidae: Sarcophaga), pp. 190-202 in Zootaxa 5311 (2) on pages 195-197, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5311.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/809418
Is the ‘American lake’ drying up in the China Sea? CEPS Commentary, 31 July 2014
No full textFollowing an upsurge in tensions over islands and territories in the South China Sea, Wolfgang Pape considers both the history both the history of the 'American lake' and the possible outcome of the recent claims made on this long-disputed area by the countries of South-East Asia.
This Commentary complements a recent piece written by the same author, entitled: “Care for the old rather than sleepwalk into war in East Asia” at: (http://www.ceps.eu/book/care-old-rather-sleepwalk-war-east-asia)
Selected World Bank poverty studies : a summary of approaches, coverage, and findings
No full textSince the establishment in 1987 of the Task Forces on Poverty and Food Security, a good deal of country economic and sector work has analyzed poverty issues. The author identifies the main policy issues it raises; describes how the Bank approaches the study of poverty issues; summarizes the main findings and lessons learned from the country economic and sector work reviewed; assesses the extent to which country economic and sector work has identified strategies, policy reforms, and programs to reduce poverty that could be supported by the Bank's policy or project lending; raises additional issues that could be addressed in future poverty-related country economic and sector work. This report reviews mainly cross-sectoral studies with a primary and direct poverty focus, which were completed between mid-1987 and mid-1989, though some work in progress was included.Poverty Assessment,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Economics&Finance,Safety Nets and Transfers,Rural Poverty Reduction
Warden, Pape och Sexdagarskriget
No full textThis study intends to contribute to the understanding of air power theory by studying the contrasting theories of John A. Warden and Robert A. Pape onto a single case. Warden advocates strategic bombing, while Pape condemns it. The theories are applied onto the Israeli air power in the Six-Day War, a war which played an important role for air power and where air power played an important role for the outcome. Both theories are among the most discussed and criticized ones, including by the other author respectively. By thoroughly examining them onto the same single case, their generalizability is evaluated in relation to each other. The empirical data consisted of six descriptive works of the war, from which each event of air sorties was analysed and matched with the theories. The air sorties of each theory were then evaluated by occurrence and effect to the wars outcome, i.e. the contribution to the Israeli victory. The results of the analysis imply that Warden’s theory have a better ability to explain the success of the Israeli Air Force than Pape’s theory, but no major conclusions of their generalizability can be drawn. None of the theories where found fully sufficient to explain the case, i.e. some parts of the theories did not occur in Six-Day War according to the study
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