130,609 research outputs found
Metabolic studies of human skeletal muscle by near infrared spectroscopy: Possible applications in space research
No full textMeSH term explosion and author rank improve expert recommendations
No full textInformation overload is an often-cited phenomenon that reduces the productivity, efficiency and efficacy of scientists. One challenge for scientists is to find appropriate collaborators in their research. The literature describes various solutions to the problem of expertise location, but most current approaches do not appear to be very suitable for expert recommendations in biomedical research. In this study, we present the development and initial evaluation of a vector space model-based algorithm to calculate researcher similarity using four inputs: 1) MeSH terms of publications; 2) MeSH terms and author rank; 3) exploded MeSH terms; and 4) exploded MeSH terms and author rank. We developed and evaluated the algorithm using a data set of 17,525 authors and their 22,542 papers. On average, our algorithms correctly predicted 2.5 of the top 5/10 coauthors of individual scientists. Exploded MeSH and author rank outperformed all other algorithms in accuracy, followed closely by MeSH and author rank. Our results show that the accuracy of MeSH term-based matching can be enhanced with other metadata such as author rank
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Theoretical investigation of measuring cerebral blood flow in the adult human head using bolus indocyanine green injection and near-infrared spectroscopy
No full textTo investigate the accuracy of measuring cerebral blood flow (CBF) using a bolus injection of indocyanine green (ICG) detected by near infrared spectroscopy in adult human heads, simulations were performed using a two layered model, representing the extracerebral and intracerebral layers. Modelled optical data were converted into tissue ICG concentration using either the one detector modified Beer Lambert law (MBLL) method, or the two detector partial pathlength (PPL) method. CBFs were estimated using deconvolution and blood flow index techniques respectively. Using the MBLL method, CBFs were significantly underestimated but the PPL method improved their accuracy and robustness, especially when used as relative measures. Dispersion of the arterial input function also affected the CBF estimates
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Venous-arteriolar reflex in human gastrocnemius studied by NIRS.
No full textHeat-up tilting manoeuvre from 0 to 60 degrees induces oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin concentration changes in the human gastrocnemius. These changes, measured by NIRS, can only be partially explained by the blood volume displacement due to the gravitational force. In the present study it is demonstrated, by a dye dilution technique (indocyanine green), that a reduction in blood flow (venous-arteriolar and/or spinal reflex) is responsible of the limited oxyhaemoglobin concentration increase observed when going from 0 (2.54 +/- 0.48 blood flow in arbitrary units, a.u.) to 60 (1.46 +/- 0.55 a.u.) degrees. The proposed technique is potentially applicable to the detection of specific pathological aspects of microcirculation, such as arterial occlusion in the leg, diabetes mellitus, and congestive heart failure, where the venous-arteriolar reflex may be affected
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