102,461 research outputs found
Methodological Foundations of Lexicon Building
No full textThe present paper on lexicon modelling relates to the issue of building a generic and reusable lexicon. It is founded on the basal idea that there cannot be any adequate formalization or modelling without careful and explicit description of data. Here, data are lexical semantic data. § 1 sketches an overview of the domain and § 2 provides terminological and conceptual clarifications. It is noted that there is no explicit agreement on what semantic data are. A set of requirements the data must meet is defined, such as being accessible to actual and realistic observation, being intersubjective, being independent of any particular theory, etc. § 3 is the central chapter of the paper. It defines a conceptual specification of a constructive reusable generic lexicon. First, a series of statements on observational semantics are presented: on the paradigm (precisely that of empirical science), on the syntactic descriptions of natural language expressions (a strict and narrow definition), on the description of real actual worlds, and on the observer (the indispensable black box which turns factual observations into data descriptions). These statements are basic assumptions the reader should accept before going any further. Next, two propositions on semantic modelling are made, each with explicit assumptions on observational semantics (including the observer’s knowledge and capabilities), specific data and specific requirements for theories on these.In the first proposition, the observer uses a set of three predicates on sentences (syntactically well-formed, constructible, deviant), yielding a specific data set. As linguistic theories are not much explicit to what their target is with respect to this data set, strong difficulties are to be expected in the specification of semantic information in the lexicon, as well as a low level of intersubjectivity of data. From the observation of a few examples, it is argued it is impossible to model any lexicon semantics within the paradigm of empirical sciences in the terms of this (commonplace) proposition.In the second proposition, the observer has in addition the ability to see that two expressions have or haven’t an identity of interpretation. This allows to partition into two sub-classes the problematic class of sentences of the first proposition (i.e. well-formed, constructible, deviant sentences), depending on whether there is or not a well-formed, constructible, non deviant paraphrase. When all conceivable paraphrases are deviant, the problem is ontological, when a non deviant paraphrase exists, the problem is relevant to linguistics. Lexical semantics are thus distinguished by a principle from encyclopaedic semantics
Rapid assessment of S-wave profiles from the inversion of multichannel
No full textThe importance of detailed knowledge of the shear-wave velocity structure of the upper geological layers was recently stressed in strong motion studies. In this work we describe an algorithm which we have developed to infer the 1D shear wave velocity structure from the inversion of multichannel surface wave dispersion data (ground-roll). Phase velocities are derived from wavenumber-frequency stacks while the inversion process is speeded up by the use of Householder transformations. Using synthetic and experimental data, we examined the applicability of the technique in deducing S-wave profiles. The comparison of the obtained results with those derived from cross-hole measurements and synthesized wave fields proved the reliability of the technique for the rapid assessment of shear wave profiles during microzonation investigations.JCR Journalope
Acute hypoglycemia impairs executive cognitive function in adults with and without type 1 diabetes
No full textOBJECTIVE Acute hypoglycemia impairs cognitive function in several domains. Executive cognitive function governs organization of thoughts, prioritization of tasks, and time management. This study examined the effect of acute hypoglycemia on executive function in adults with and without diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-two adults with and without type 1 diabetes with no vascular complications or impaired awareness of hypoglycemia were studied. Two hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps were performed at least 2 weeks apart in a single-blind, counterbalanced order, maintaining blood glucose at 4.5 mmol/L (euglycemia) or 2.5 mmol/L (hypoglycemia). Executive functions were assessed with a validated test suite (Delis-Kaplan Executive Function). A general linear model (repeated-measures ANOVA) was used. Glycemic condition (euglycemia or hypoglycemia) was the within-participant factor. Between-participant factors were order of session (euglycemia-hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia-euglycemia), test battery used, and diabetes status (with or without diabetes).RESULTSCompared with euglycemia, executive functions (with one exception) were significantly impaired during hypoglycemia; lower test scores were recorded with more time required for completion. Large Cohen d values (>0.8) suggest that hypoglycemia induces decrements in aspects of executive function with large effect sizes. In some tests, the performance of participants with diabetes was more impaired than those without diabetes.CONCLUSIONS Executive cognitive function, which is necessary to carry out many everyday activities, is impaired during hypoglycemia in adults with and without type 1 diabetes. This important aspect of cognition has not received previous systematic study with respect to hypoglycemia. The effect size is large in terms of both accuracy and speed.</p
Examining the link between information processing speed and executive functioning in multiple sclerosis
No full textSlowed information processing speed (IPS) is frequently reported in those with multiple sclerosis (MS), and at least 20% are compromised on some aspect of executive functioning also. However, any relationship between these two processes has not been examined. The Sternberg Memory Scanning Test, Processing Speed Index (WAIS-III), Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D.KEFS), and Working Memory Index (WMS-III) were administered to 90 participants with MS. Their performance on the PSI was significantly below the normative scores but no deficits in memory scanning speed were evident. The initial response speed of the Sternberg and the PSI were more closely related to D.KEFS performance, particularly in timed tasks with a high cognitive demand (switching tasks). In contrast, memory scanning speed was related to working memory. This study reinforces the link between IPS and working memory in MS, and supports the suggestion that IPS is not a unitary construct
Bibliographie Hilarion G. Petzold 1958 – 2009 mit Anhang als Einführung
No full textDieses Archiv enthält die Gesamtbibliographie der Werke des Autors nebst einiger Texte „Über H. G. Petzold“ im Schlussteil der Bibliographie sowie einen Anhang mit einer Einführung in die Architektur des Werkes in seinem wissenslogischen Aufbau als Ausarbeitung seines „Tree of Science Modells“ (2007).This archive contains the complete bibliography of the author and some texts about H. G. Petzold, moreover an epilogue with an introduction to the architecture of the works in its epistemological structure and composition and as an elaborations of Petzold’s „Tree of Science Modell (2007).https://www.fpi-publikation.de/polyloge/01-2009-petzold-h-g-gesamtbibliographie-h-g-petzold-1958-2009-updating-november2009/peerReviewedpublishedVersio
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Methodological Foundations of Lexicon Building
No full textThe present paper on lexicon modelling relates to the issue of building a generic and reusable lexicon. It is founded on the basal idea that there cannot be any adequate formalization or modelling without careful and explicit description of data. Here, data are lexical semantic data. § 1 sketches an overview of the domain and § 2 provides terminological and conceptual clarifications. It is noted that there is no explicit agreement on what semantic data are. A set of requirements the data must meet is defined, such as being accessible to actual and realistic observation, being intersubjective, being independent of any particular theory, etc. § 3 is the central chapter of the paper. It defines a conceptual specification of a constructive reusable generic lexicon. First, a series of statements on observational semantics are presented: on the paradigm (precisely that of empirical science), on the syntactic descriptions of natural language expressions (a strict and narrow definition), on the description of real actual worlds, and on the observer (the indispensable black box which turns factual observations into data descriptions). These statements are basic assumptions the reader should accept before going any further. Next, two propositions on semantic modelling are made, each with explicit assumptions on observational semantics (including the observer’s knowledge and capabilities), specific data and specific requirements for theories on these.In the first proposition, the observer uses a set of three predicates on sentences (syntactically well-formed, constructible, deviant), yielding a specific data set. As linguistic theories are not much explicit to what their target is with respect to this data set, strong difficulties are to be expected in the specification of semantic information in the lexicon, as well as a low level of intersubjectivity of data. From the observation of a few examples, it is argued it is impossible to model any lexicon semantics within the paradigm of empirical sciences in the terms of this (commonplace) proposition.In the second proposition, the observer has in addition the ability to see that two expressions have or haven’t an identity of interpretation. This allows to partition into two sub-classes the problematic class of sentences of the first proposition (i.e. well-formed, constructible, deviant sentences), depending on whether there is or not a well-formed, constructible, non deviant paraphrase. When all conceivable paraphrases are deviant, the problem is ontological, when a non deviant paraphrase exists, the problem is relevant to linguistics. Lexical semantics are thus distinguished by a principle from encyclopaedic semantics
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3346: Samuel G. Freedman, author, 2013
No full textPhotograph of author Samuel G. Freedman, at NT Daily Slash meeting in the Mayborn School of Journalism at UNT
The Right to Strike under the United States Constitution: Theory, Practice, and Possible Implications for Canada
No full textAnswering critics of the Canadian Supreme Court's judgment in B.C. Health, the author argues that the Court laid the foundation for a principled and durable doctrine protecting constitutional labour rights, one that goes directly to the heart of the matter — the inequality of workers’ power in the employment relation. In the author’s view, two paths could lead from B.C. Health to the recognition of Charter protec- tion for a right to strike: one that treats the right as an accessory to col- lective bargaining, and one that upholds the right directly on the basis of the Charter values of equality and participation. The author supports the latter approach, contending that constitutional rights should be defined in relation to fundamental values, in a way that is not contingent on time-bound or fact-sensitive assessments about the role of strikes within a particular collective bargaining regime. Although a Charter right to strike may involve the courts in difficult choices about when to defer to legislative policy decisions, and courts may lack the institutional capac- ity to deal effectively with labour law issues, the author points out that judges can look to ILO standards for expert guidance. Noting that the U.S. experience in this area might be of considerable use to Canadians, the author concludes by providing an overview of American case law concerning a constitutional right to strike.Peer reviewe
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