1,721,230 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
High power uni-traveling-carrier photodidodes for analog photonic links and optical summation of RFsignals
No full textCe travail porte sur la conception et la réalisation de photodiodes UTC en GaInAs/InP pour la détection de fortes puissances optiques jusqu'à 20 GHz. La solution choisie est une photodiode à éclairage par la face arrière compatible avec un report flip-chip sur des lignes hyperfréquences. La première partie de cette étude consacrée à l'optimisation simultanée de la bande passante et de la responsivité a mis en avant l'importance de la conception de l'absorbant et du collecteur. En particulier, l'introduction d'un champ électrique statique dans l'absorbant grâce à un graduel de dopage est essentielle pour atteindre simultanément une responsivité élevée (0,8 A/W à l,55 µm) et une large bande passante = 20 GHz sous fort photocourant). Dans un second temps, l'analyse des mécanismes de saturation a permis de dégager les principaux axes d'optimisation sous forte puissance: la réduction de la dépolarisation de la jonction, l'atténuation des effets de charge d'espace et l'amélioration de la dissipation thermique. Ainsi, une nouvelle structure de collecteur à dopage non uniforme est proposée. Elle permet de repousser les limites de saturation de la photodiode et permet d'atteindre des courants = 100 mA à 20 GHz, au meilleur niveau de l'état de l'art. Enfin, une étude théorique et expérimentale de la linéarité des photodiodes UTC de puissance est présentée. Les photodiodes développées montrent une excellente linéarité atteignant des points d'interception d'ordre 3 (IP3) de 35 dBm à 20 GHz faisant de ces composants de très bons candidats pour les liaisons optiques/hyperfréquences à large dynamique.This work focuses on the design and fabrication of GaInAs/InP Uni-Traveling-Carrier (UTC) Photodiodes (PDs) for high optical power detection up to 20 GHz. The selected solution consists of a back-side ilIuminated PD compatible with flip-chip mounting on microwave transmission lines. The first section of this study is dedicated to the optimisation of both bandwidth and responsivity, simultaneously. It demonstrates how important the design of absorption and collection layers is. ln particular, the introduction of a static electric field in the absorption layer, owing to a graduaI doping, is essential to achieve, simultaneously, a high responsivity (0.8 A/W at 1.55 µm) and a large bandwidth (= 20 GHz under high photocurrent). Secondly, the saturation mechanisms in a UTC structure are analysed. Reducing the junction bias variation, mitigating the space charge effects and enhancing the heat power dissipation are demonstrated to be the main axes for design optimization under high power. Therefore, a new design of a non-uniformly doped collector is proposed. It reduces saturation limitations and leads to state-of-the-art saturation current =100 mA at 20 GHz. FinaIly, a theoretical and experimental study of high power UTC-PDs linearity is presented. The developed PDs show a high linearity and achieve third order intercept points (IP3) op to 35 dBm at 20 GHz, which makes them good candidates for analog photonic links that need a high dynamic range
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
GaInAs/Al(Ga)InAs avalanche photodiodes for 1,55µm detection : applying to optical telecommunications and free space detection
No full textCette thèse présente l'étude des photodiodes à avalanche de structure SAGM, à zone d'avalanche en Al(Ga)InAs et à zone d'absorption en GaInAs réalisées sur substrat InP. Ces APD visent deux types d'applications: les télécommunications optiques pour les réseaux métro/accès à 10Gb/s et la détection en espace libre pour la profilométrie de type LIDAR. Tout d'abord, la mesure des coefficients d'ionisation de différents composés Aluminium a orienté notre choix du matériau d'avalanche vers l'AlInAs qui possède le rapport des coefficients d'ionisation le plus élevé. Ensuite, les mesures et les simulations du courant d'obscurité nous ont permis d'une part de déterminer son origine et de le réduire, et d'autre part, d'établir un modèle de la photodiode (courant d'obscurité, gain et bande passante) que nous avons validé grâce à l'étude de différentes structures verticales et de différentes géométries de diodes. Enfin, la caractérisation des APD réalisées a démontré simultanément un faible courant d'obscurité multiplié lobs.M = 2nA, une responsivité élevée R0(M = 1) = 0,9A.W-1 à 1,55µm, un faible facteur d'excès de bruit f(M = 10) = 3,5 et un produit gainxbande passante élevé G x B = 150GHz qui placent nos composants au meilleur niveau de l'état de l'art. Les mesures du taux d'erreur et de la sensibilité de photorécepteurs utilisant nos diodes valident l'amélioration qu'apportent ces APD par rapport à la concurrence. De plus, les premières mesures de sensibilité en espace libre confirment l'intérêt porté à ce type de photodiodes.This thesis presents the study of SAGM avalanche photodiodes, with a thin Al(Ga)InAs avalanche layer and a GaInAs absorption layer, grown on InP substrate. These APDs target two applications : optical telecommunications for 10Gb/s metro/access networks and free space detection for LIDAR profilometry. First, the ionization coefficients measurements on several Aluminium compound materials lead us to choose AlInAs as avalanche material because of its high ionization coefficients ratio. Then dark current measurements and simulations allow us on one hand, to find its origin and to reduce its level, and on the other hand, to make out a photodiode model (dark current, multiplication factor and bandwidth) which was validated through the study of various APD vertical structures and diode geometries. Finally, the APDs characterization simultaneously demonstrates a low multiplied dark current Id,M = 2nA, a high responsivity R0(M = 1) = 0,9A.W-1 at 1,55µm, a low excess noise factor f(M = 10) = 3,5 and a high gain×bandwidth product G × B = 150GHz, which put our components at the best state of the art level. System measurements such as bit error rate or sensitivity carried out on photoreceivers using our diodes validate the improvement brought by these APDs compared to competitors. Moreover, the early free space sensitivity measurements confirm the interest showed to this kind of photodiodes
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
InP optical switching matrixes based on carrier injection
No full textPartant d'une structure de commutateur électro-optique sur InP de type DOS (Digital Optical Switch) fonctionnant par injection des porteurs, de faible diaphotie (-40dB) à la longueur d'onde 1.55µm, le but de ce travail de thèse a été d'étudier la possibilité de réaliser en optique intégrée sur InP des matrices de commutation à 2 entrées et 2 sorties conservant les mêmes performances en diaphotie. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons tout d'abord optimisé la géométrie d'une matrice purement passive à l'aide de la méthode des faisceaux propagés (BPM) 2D ou 3D. Nous avons ainsi défini sept matrices 2X2 passives que nous avons réalisées et caractérisées dont certaines atteignent une diaphotie d'environ -40dB. Nous avons ensuite adapté ces matrices passives à une nouvelle géométrie de commutateur compatible avec les courbes de forme sinusoïdale de nos matrices, dont nous prévoyons pour certaines une diaphotie avoisinant -40dB. Les cinq matrices actives optimisées ont été réalisées et caractérisées en terme de pertes, consommation et diaphotie, Nous obtenons une forte sensibilité à la polarisation optique avec une diaphotie qui peut atteindre presque -30dB pour la matrice la plus performante.Starting from a Digital Optical Switch based on carrier injection and InP optical integrated circuit techniques, which achieved high crosstalk performance (around -40dB), the aim of this thesis is to design and fabricate 2X2 optical switching matrixes keeping the same crosstalk performance. To reach such a goal, we first analyzed and designed, thanks to 2D and 3D Beam Propagation Method, passive matrixes that we fabricated and characterized. We obtained crosstalk close to -40dB in agreement with our theoretical predictions. We then matched our passive matrixes to a new structure of DOS which geometry fits better withsinusoidal shape of our matrix waveguides. We optimized five active matrixes that we fabricated and characterized to deduce the propagation and coupling losses, the consumption and the crosstalk. Which were found as a low as -30dB for the best matrix with the good optical polarization state
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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