1,721,520 research outputs found
The Linear side of the Non-linear Brain
No full textIn this thesis, we explore how linear principles contribute to our understanding of neural dynamics and cognitive functions. Through a combination of theoretical modeling, computational analysis, and empirical data, we aim to elucidate how the brain harnesses linearity within its inherently non-linear structure to facilitate efficient, reliable processing
The Dynamical Balance of the Brain at Rest
No full textThe authors review evidence that spontaneous, that is, not stimulus or task driven, activity in the brain at the level of large-scale neural systems is not noise, but orderly and organized in a series of functional networks that maintain, at all times, a high level of coherence. These networks of spontaneous activity correlation or resting state networks (RSN) are closely related to the underlying anatomical connectivity, but their topography is also gated by the history of prior task activation. Network coherence does not depend on covert cognitive activity, but its strength and integrity relates to behavioral performance. Some RSN are functionally organized as dynamically competing systems both at rest and during tasks. Computational studies show that one of such dynamics, the anticorrelation between networks, depends on noise-driven transitions between different multistable cluster synchronization states. These multistable states emerge because of transmission delays between regions that are modeled as coupled oscillators systems. Large-scale systems dynamics are useful for keeping different functional subnetworks in a state of heightened competition, which can be stabilized and fired by even small modulations of either sensory or internal signals
Reply: Defining a functional network homeostasis after stroke: EEG-based approach is complementary to functional MRI
Full text linkViolations of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem reveal distinct nonequilibrium dynamics of brain states
No full textThe brain is a nonequilibrium system whose dynamics change in different brain states, such as wakefulness and deep sleep. Thermodynamics provides the tools for revealing these nonequilibrium dynamics. We used violations of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem to describe the hierarchy of nonequilibrium dynamics associated with different brain states. Together with a whole-brain model fitted to empirical human neuroimaging data, and deriving the appropriate analytical expressions, we were able to capture the deviation from equilibrium in different brain states that arises from asymmetric interactions and hierarchical organization.Fil: Deco, Gustavo. Universitat Pompeu Fabra; EspañaFil: Lynn, Christopher W.. University of New York; Estados UnidosFil: Sanz Perl Hernandez, Yonatan. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Física; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Kringelbach, Morten L.. University of Oxford; Reino Unid
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Functional connectivity dynamics: Modeling the switching behavior of the resting state
No full textAbstractFunctional connectivity (FC) sheds light on the interactions between different brain regions. Besides basic research, it is clinically relevant for applications in Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, presurgical planning, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. Simulations of whole-brain mean-field computational models with realistic connectivity determined by tractography studies enable us to reproduce with accuracy aspects of average FC in the resting state. Most computational studies, however, did not address the prominent non-stationarity in resting state FC, which may result in large intra- and inter-subject variability and thus preclude an accurate individual predictability. Here we show that this non-stationarity reveals a rich structure, characterized by rapid transitions switching between a few discrete FC states. We also show that computational models optimized to fit time-averaged FC do not reproduce these spontaneous state transitions and, thus, are not qualitatively superior to simplified linear stochastic models, which account for the effects of structure alone. We then demonstrate that a slight enhancement of the non-linearity of the network nodes is sufficient to broaden the repertoire of possible network behaviors, leading to modes of fluctuations, reminiscent of some of the most frequently observed Resting State Networks. Because of the noise-driven exploration of this repertoire, the dynamics of FC qualitatively change now and display non-stationary switching similar to empirical resting state recordings (Functional Connectivity Dynamics (FCD)). Thus FCD bear promise to serve as a better biomarker of resting state neural activity and of its pathologic alterations
Fluctuations in perceptual decisions : cortical microcircuit dynamics mediating alternations in conscious visual perception
No full textFluctuations in perceptual decisions emerge when our brain confronts with ambiguous sensory stimuli. For instance, our perception alternates between two conflicting images when presented dichoptically to our eyes, allowing a dissociation of the sensory stimulation from the conscious visual perception, and therefore providing a gateway to consciousness. How does the brain work when it deals with such ambiguous sensory stimuli? We addressed this question theoretically by employing a biophysically realistic attractor network, by consistently reducing it to a four- variable rate- based model, and by extracting analytical expressions for second- order statistics. We considered human behavioral and macaque neurophysiological data collected when subjects were confronting with such ambiguities. Our results show the relevance of neuronal adaptation in perceptual decision making, as well as that it contributes to the speed- accuracy trade- off. Furthermore, our findings affirm that both noise and neural adaptation operate in balance during the fluctuating states of visual awareness and suggest that while adaptation in inhibition is not relevant for the perceptual alternations, it contributes to the brain dynamics at rest. Finally, we explain the observed neuronal noise- decorrelation during visual consciousness and provide insights on the long- standing question: where in the brain rivalry is resolved.Les fluctuacions en les decisions perceptives sorgeixen quan el nostre cervell s'enfronta a estímuls sensorials ambigus. Per exemple, la nostra percepció alterna entre dues imatges contradictòries quan es presenten de forma dicòptica als nostres ulls, cosa que permet una dissociació de l'estimulació sensorial de la percepció visual conscient, i per tant proporciona una porta d'entrada a la consciència. Com funciona el cervell quan es tracta d'aquest tipus d'estímuls sensorials ambigus? Hem tractat aquesta qüestió de forma teòrica mitjançant l'ús d'una xarxa d'atractors biofísicament realista, reduint-la de forma consistent a un model de quatre variables basat en la freqüència, i extraient expressions analítiques pels estadístics de segon ordre. Hem emprat dades neurofisiològiques de comportament d'humans i macacos recollides quan els subjectes s'enfrontaven a aquest tipus d'ambigüitats. Els nostres resultats mostren la importància de l'adaptació neuronal en la presa de decisions perceptives i mostren la seva contribució a l'equilibri velocitat-precisió. D'altra banda, els nostres resultats confirmen que tant el soroll com l'adaptació neural operen en equilibri durant els estats fluctuants de consciència visual i suggereixen que, si bé l'adaptació en la inhibició no és rellevant per a les alternances de percepció, contribueix a la dinàmica del cervell en repòs. Finalment, expliquem la decorrelació del soroll neuronal observada durant la consciència visual i proporcionem noves idees en relació a l’antiga qüestió de en quin lloc del cervell es resol la rivalitat visual.Programa de doctorat en Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacion
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