9 research outputs found
Nécessaires régulations planificatrices de l'appareil d'Etat dans la France capitaliste d'aujourd'hui
No full textLucien Nizard : Notwendige Planregulierung des Staatsapparates im heutigen kapitalistischen Frankreich.
Die traditionellen Ansätze zur französischen Planifikation setzen stillschweigend voraus, dass, wie Friedberg es richtig unterstreicht, diese Planifikation eine zentrale Rolle innerhalb der staatlichen Regulierungspolitik spielt. Der Verfasser hebt die Notwendigkeit hervor, über diese Ansatze hinauszugehen und die Planifikation im Zusammenhang sowohl mit den anderen staatlichen Eingriff en, als auch mit einer abgestuften Gesellschaft zu sehen, die in Klassen aufgeteilt ist und deren kapitalistisches Wirtschaftssystem einer gewissen Funktionslogik unterliegt Als Antwort auf Friedbergs Aufsatz betrachtet er kritisch dessen zu ausschliesslich organisationellen Ansatz, und wendet dazu die oben beschriebene Methode an. Er betont, dass die Planer, indem sie sich auf die aus der Offnung der Grenzen entstehenden Notwendigkeiten stutzen, vereinheitlichende Normen zur gesellschaftlichen Veränderung schaffen, die, ungeachtet ihrer Absichten, unweigerlich den herrschenden Klassen zugutekommt. Schliesslich erscheint die französische Planifikation auch als ein Versuch, einen bis in die Tiefen sektorialisierten und geheilten Staatsapparat wieder zu vereinheitlichen.Lucien Nizard : Необходимые планификативные регуляции государственного аппарата в сегодняшней капиталистической Франции.
Традиционные подходы к французской планификации скрыто допускают, как верно замечает Friedberg, что она играет центральную роль в государственном регулировании. Автор подчеркивает необходимость выйти за пределы таких подходов к французскому планированию, рассматривая его одновременно в отношении к другим государственным интервенциям и в отношении к иерархически подчиненному обществу разделенному на классы и экономическая система капитализма которого, подчиняется определенной логике функционирования. В ответ на статью Friedberg'a, автор критикует его исключительно организационный подход, ссылаясь к выше указанному рассуждению. Он подчеркивает что, на основании необходимости открытия границ, планификаторы, каковы бы не были их намерения, определяют общие нормы социальных перемен, которые не смотря ни на что, обязательно идут в выгоду господствующим категориям. Наконец, французская планификация представляется также как попытка объединения государственного аппарата в высшей степени раздробленного и поделенного на секторы.Lucien Nizard : The Necessity of State Planning Regulations in Contemporary Capitalistic France.
The traditional approaches of French planning implicitly admit, as Friedberg correctly stresses, that planning plays a central role among state regulatory processes. The present article emphasizes the necessity of going beyond these approaches by locating planning with respect both to other forms of governmental intervention and to a hierarchical society which is divided into classes and whose capitalistic economic system obeys a certain working logic. By this means, the author criticizes Friedberg's exclusively organizational approach. Relying on the constraints imposed by open frontiers, planners, regardless of their intentions, produce unifying norms for social change which necessarily profit the dominant categories. French planning also appears to be an attempt for reunifying the deeply divided ensemble of state mechanisms.Lucien Nizard : Regulaciones planificadoras necesarias de la organización del Estado en la Francia capitaliste de hoy.
Las estimaciones tradicionales de la planification francesa admiten implicitamente, como lo subraya precisamente Friedberg, que desempeňa esta un papel principal entre las regulaciones etáticas. Subraya el autor la necesidad de dejar atrás esas estimaciones situando la planificación, juntamente en relación con las demás intervenciones etáticas y en relación con una sociedad jerarquizada, dividida en clases, con un sistema económico capitalista sometido a cierta logica de funcionamiento. Contestando al articulo de Friedberg, critica su modo exclusivamente organizacional, recurriendo a la diligencia defînida más alla. Explica que apoyándose en las sujeciones de la apertura de las fronteras, los planificadores, cualquiera que sean sus intenciones producen normas unificadoras de cambio social que aprovechan necesariamente la categorias dominantes. Por fin, la planificación francesa, aparece como una tentative para volver a unificar una organización de estado profundamente sectorializada y dividida.Nizard Lucien. Nécessaires régulations planificatrices de l'appareil d'Etat dans la France capitaliste d'aujourd'hui. In: Revue française de sociologie, 1975, 16, supplément. pp. 625-652
Nécessaires régulations planificatrices de l'appareil d'Etat dans la France capitaliste d'aujourd'hui
No full textLucien Nizard : Notwendige Planregulierung des Staatsapparates im heutigen kapitalistischen Frankreich.
Die traditionellen Ansätze zur französischen Planifikation setzen stillschweigend voraus, dass, wie Friedberg es richtig unterstreicht, diese Planifikation eine zentrale Rolle innerhalb der staatlichen Regulierungspolitik spielt. Der Verfasser hebt die Notwendigkeit hervor, über diese Ansatze hinauszugehen und die Planifikation im Zusammenhang sowohl mit den anderen staatlichen Eingriff en, als auch mit einer abgestuften Gesellschaft zu sehen, die in Klassen aufgeteilt ist und deren kapitalistisches Wirtschaftssystem einer gewissen Funktionslogik unterliegt Als Antwort auf Friedbergs Aufsatz betrachtet er kritisch dessen zu ausschliesslich organisationellen Ansatz, und wendet dazu die oben beschriebene Methode an. Er betont, dass die Planer, indem sie sich auf die aus der Offnung der Grenzen entstehenden Notwendigkeiten stutzen, vereinheitlichende Normen zur gesellschaftlichen Veränderung schaffen, die, ungeachtet ihrer Absichten, unweigerlich den herrschenden Klassen zugutekommt. Schliesslich erscheint die französische Planifikation auch als ein Versuch, einen bis in die Tiefen sektorialisierten und geheilten Staatsapparat wieder zu vereinheitlichen.Lucien Nizard : Необходимые планификативные регуляции государственного аппарата в сегодняшней капиталистической Франции.
Традиционные подходы к французской планификации скрыто допускают, как верно замечает Friedberg, что она играет центральную роль в государственном регулировании. Автор подчеркивает необходимость выйти за пределы таких подходов к французскому планированию, рассматривая его одновременно в отношении к другим государственным интервенциям и в отношении к иерархически подчиненному обществу разделенному на классы и экономическая система капитализма которого, подчиняется определенной логике функционирования. В ответ на статью Friedberg'a, автор критикует его исключительно организационный подход, ссылаясь к выше указанному рассуждению. Он подчеркивает что, на основании необходимости открытия границ, планификаторы, каковы бы не были их намерения, определяют общие нормы социальных перемен, которые не смотря ни на что, обязательно идут в выгоду господствующим категориям. Наконец, французская планификация представляется также как попытка объединения государственного аппарата в высшей степени раздробленного и поделенного на секторы.Lucien Nizard : The Necessity of State Planning Regulations in Contemporary Capitalistic France.
The traditional approaches of French planning implicitly admit, as Friedberg correctly stresses, that planning plays a central role among state regulatory processes. The present article emphasizes the necessity of going beyond these approaches by locating planning with respect both to other forms of governmental intervention and to a hierarchical society which is divided into classes and whose capitalistic economic system obeys a certain working logic. By this means, the author criticizes Friedberg's exclusively organizational approach. Relying on the constraints imposed by open frontiers, planners, regardless of their intentions, produce unifying norms for social change which necessarily profit the dominant categories. French planning also appears to be an attempt for reunifying the deeply divided ensemble of state mechanisms.Lucien Nizard : Regulaciones planificadoras necesarias de la organización del Estado en la Francia capitaliste de hoy.
Las estimaciones tradicionales de la planification francesa admiten implicitamente, como lo subraya precisamente Friedberg, que desempeňa esta un papel principal entre las regulaciones etáticas. Subraya el autor la necesidad de dejar atrás esas estimaciones situando la planificación, juntamente en relación con las demás intervenciones etáticas y en relación con una sociedad jerarquizada, dividida en clases, con un sistema económico capitalista sometido a cierta logica de funcionamiento. Contestando al articulo de Friedberg, critica su modo exclusivamente organizacional, recurriendo a la diligencia defînida más alla. Explica que apoyándose en las sujeciones de la apertura de las fronteras, los planificadores, cualquiera que sean sus intenciones producen normas unificadoras de cambio social que aprovechan necesariamente la categorias dominantes. Por fin, la planificación francesa, aparece como una tentative para volver a unificar una organización de estado profundamente sectorializada y dividida.Nizard Lucien. Nécessaires régulations planificatrices de l'appareil d'Etat dans la France capitaliste d'aujourd'hui. In: Revue française de sociologie, 1975, 16, supplément. pp. 625-652
Influence of the Site of Cultivation on Chétoui Olive (Olea europaea L.) Oil Quality
No full textA comparative study was conducted to evaluate the effect of location on the chemical composition and quality of monovarietal virgin olive oils obtained from the Chétoui cultivar in relation to the fruit ripening stages. Three sites representative of two Tunisian olive growing regions were examined, Selten (region I (RI): original site of plantation of Chétoui variety in the north of the country), Ousletia and Jelma (region II (RII): in the central part of the country away from the original plantation site). In this study, Chétoui olive cultivar was found to have different responses to environmental conditions. Chétoui olive oils showed lower values in phenol and o-diphenol contents and were less stable to oxidation (weaker oxidative stability and antioxidant activity levels) when the olive trees were cultivated away from the original plantation site. These Chétoui olive oils are also characterized by decreased oil content and higher values of quality parameters such as free acidity, peroxide value and UV absorbance due probably to the drought during the flowering and olive ripening periods. Furthermore, many analytical parameters, i.e., chlorophyll pigments, carotenoids, oleic acid contents, total phenol and o-diphenol amounts, oxidative stability, antioxidative capacity and quality parameters showed nearly the same changes during fruit ripening but in different degrees depending on the site of the plantation
Not informed by the author
No full textA dor crônica atinge grande parte da população mundial 7% a 8%(FREITAS, 2015b) Estes números mostram a prevalência e necessidade de estudar os mecanismos da dor neuropática a fim de contribuir para a melhora deste quadro no Brasil e no mundo. Lesões de nervo periférico causam, frequentemente, alterações sensoriais crônicas, particularmente, aquelas associadas ao sistema nociceptivo (GAO; JI, 2010). A dor crônica de origem neuropática é uma síndrome incurável que ocorre pela lesão do sistema nervoso central ou periférico e caracteriza-se por alodínea, hiperalgesia, ativação espontânea de nociceptores e expansão da área hipersensibilizada,o tratamento farmacológico para restaurar a função sensorial após a lesão de nervo periférico tem pouco ou nenhum sucesso, tornando fundamental o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas e a identificação de seus mecanismos de ação ((J et al., 2012) NIZARD et al., 2012; (KK., 2008; JIANG, 2010) (J et al., 2012; JAIN, 2008; JIANG, 2010) sabendo que dos benefícios do exercício físico o objetivo deste estudo foi estudar os mecanismos desencadeados pelo exercício (5 sessões de treino, natação, de 20 minutos com intervalo de 48 horas nas intensidades 30, 50 e 75% da MFEL) mudanças fenotípicas, proteicas, do grupo de animais com lesão no nervo e relaciona-las com a melhor resposta nociceptiva. A atividade física será quantificada e monitorada através da MFEL e relacionada com alterações crônicas da sensibilidade somática, a fim de planejar uma estratégia de treinamento que tenha os melhores benefícios provocados pelo exercício. Resultados: a quantificação de treino através da MFEL estipulou a carga de 3.25%, 3.15% e 2.74% do peso corporal respectivamente para os grupos controle, lesão fictícia e lesão. Conclusão: Foi determinada a máxima fase estável do lactato para o modelo de dor neuropática, possibilitando assim a construção do protocolo de exercício físico. A menor carga de exercício,50% da MFEL, promoveu analgesia nos animais que praticaram natação. Não Existem diferenças nas intensidades 50 e 75% da MFEL, em relação a nocicepção ,avaliado pelo teste de sensibilidade mecânicaChronic pain affects a large part of the world population 7% to 8% (FREITAS, 2015), These figures show the prevalence and necessity of studying the mechanisms of neuropathic pain in order to contribute to the improvement of this situation in Brazil and in the world. Peripheral nerve lesions often cause chronic sensory changes, particularly those associated with the nociceptive system (GAO; JI, 2010). Chronic pain of neuropathic origin is an incurable syndrome that occurs due to injury of the central or peripheral nervous system and is characterized by alodyne, hyperalgesia, spontaneous activation of nociceptors and expansion of the hypersensitized area, pharmacological treatment to restore sensory function after injury of the peripheral nerve has little or no success, making fundamental the development of new therapeutic strategies and the identification of its mechanisms of action (NIZARD et al., 2012; JAIN, 2008; G et al., 2010). The objective of this study was to study the mechanisms triggered by the exercise (5 training sessions, swimming, of 20 minutes with 48 hour intervals in the intensities 30, 50 and 75% of MFEL) phenotypic and protein changes of the group of animals with lesion on the nerve and relates them to the best nociceptive response. Physical activity will be quantified and monitored through MFEL and related to chronic changes in somatic sensitivity in order to plan a training strategy that has the best benefits of exercising. Results: The training quantification through MFEL stipulated the load of 3.25%, 3.15% and 2.74% of body weight respectively for the control, fictitious lesion and injury groups. Conclusion: The maximum stable phase of lactate was determined for the neuropathic pain model, thus enabling the construction of the physical exercise protocol. The lower exercise load, 50% of MFEL, promoted analgesia in the animals that practiced swimming. No There are differences in the intensities 50 and 75% of MFEL, in relation to nociception, evaluated by the mechanical sensitivity tes
De l’importance de la distance entre représentants et « prétendus représentés » dans certaines luttes urbaines : le cas du Sillon de Bretagne
No full textLe Sillon de Bretagne est un ensemble immobilier réalisé à Nantes. Le projet du Sillon entendait prouver que la ségrégation sociale et ses effets pouvaient être réduits, sinon transformés par une architecture et une gestion sociale adéquates. Mais les contraintes économiques, juridiques, politiques ont été bien plus fortes que prévu.L’article montre comment la façon d’utiliser l’habitat et de l’apprécier tient plus à la structuration sociale qui situe globalement tel individu, à l’ensemble de son activité d’individu productif, qu’à la structure architecturale qui prétend définir les places, les fonctions et les rôles des habitants. Les rôles sociaux permettent seuls de comprendre les rôles joués et vécus par rapport au Sillon.À partir de ce constat, l’article explore les rapports qu’entretiennent entre eux les différents acteurs du projet : les responsables gestionnaires du projet, les représentants syndicaux des locataires et les habitants eux-mêmes. Gestionnaires et syndicalistes, même s’ils entretiennent des rapports conflictuels entre eux, sont finalement beaucoup plus « proches » les uns des autres qu’ils ne le sont tous deux des habitants. Un abîme les sépare des simples gens. Et cette situation pose l’épineux problème de la légitimité de la représentation des uns et des autres.An experimental public housing project in Nantes sought to prove that the disastrous effects of ghettoization could be reduced through an architectural and management policy of social integration. Economic, legal and political constraints however, proved to be much more stubborn that had been previous realized.This article shows how the relationships that individuals establish with their environment are much more strongly determined by their social class than by any architectural innovation that tries to define the places, roles and functions of residents.With this in mind, the author then goes on to analyze the various actors involved in this project: the administrators, the tenants union representatives and the tenants themselves. The administrators and union representative proved to be socially, much closer to each other, in spite of real conflicts between them, than either of them were to the tenants as a whole. This situation raises the difficult questions related to ways of implementing "legitimate representation".El Surco de Bretaña es un conjunto inmobiliario en Nantes. El proyecto del Surco quería probar que la segregación social y sus efectos podían ser reducidos y aún transformados por medio de una arquitectura y de una gestión social adecuadas. Las restricciones económicas, jurídicas y políticas han sido, sin embargo, harto más fuertes que lo previsto.El artículo muestra cómo el modo de utilizar el habitat y de apreciarlo está en relación más estrecha a la estructuración social que sitúa a un individuo determinado en su globalidad, en el conjunto de su actividad de individuo productivo, que a la estructura arquitectural que pretende definir las ubicaciones, las funciones y los roles de los habitantes. Sólo los roles sociales permiten comprender los roles vividos en relación al Surco.A partir de esta constatación, el articulo explora las relaciones que mantienen entre ellos los diferentes actores del proyecto: los responsables gestionarios del proyecto, los representantes sindicales de los arrendatarios, y los habitantes mismos. Gestionarios y sindicalistas, aún cuando están en relaciones conflictuales entre ellos, están en última instancia más "cercanos" los unos de los otros que lo que están cada uno de ellos en relación a los habitantes. Un abismo los separa de los simples ciudadanos, y esta situación plantea el espinoso problema de la legitimidad de la representación de unos y otros
Scoliosis : density-equalizing mapping and scientometric analysis
No full textBackground: Publications related to scoliosis have increased enormously. A differentiation between publications of major and minor importance has become difficult even for experts. Scientometric data on developments and tendencies in scoliosis research has not been available to date. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the scientific efforts of scoliosis research both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Methods: Large-scale data analysis, density-equalizing algorithms and scientometric methods were used to evaluate both the quantity and quality of research achievements of scientists studying scoliosis. Density-equalizing algorithms were applied to data retrieved from ISI-Web.
Results: From 1904 to 2007, 8,186 items pertaining to scoliosis were published and included in the database. The studies were published in 76 countries: the USA, the U.K. and Canada being the most productive centers. The Washington University (St. Louis, Missouri) was identified as the most prolific institution during that period, and orthopedics represented by far the most productive medical discipline. "BRADFORD, DS" is the most productive author (146 items), and "DANSEREAU, J" is the author with the highest scientific impact (h-index of 27).
Conclusion: Our results suggest that currently established measures of research output (i.e. impact factor, h-index) should be evaluated critically because phenomena, such as self-citation and co-authorship, distort the results and limit the value of the conclusions that may be drawn from these measures. Qualitative statements are just tractable by the comparison of the parameters with respect to multiple linkages. In order to obtain more objective evaluation tools, new measurements need to be developed
Applicability and generalisability of published results of randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies evaluating four orthopaedic procedures: methodological systematic review
No full textOBJECTIVE: To compare the reporting of essential applicability data from randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies evaluating four new orthopaedic surgical procedures. DATA SOURCES: Medline and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials. STUDY SELECTION: All articles of comparative studies assessing total hip or knee arthroplasty carried out by a minimally invasive approach or computer assisted navigation system. DATA EXTRACTION: Items judged to be essential for interpreting the applicability of findings about such procedures were identified by a survey of a sample of orthopaedic surgeons (77 of 512 completed the survey). Reports were evaluated for data describing these "essential" items and the number of centres and surgeons involved in the trials. When data on the number of centres and surgeons were not reported, the corresponding author of the selected trials was contacted. Results 84 articles were identified (38 randomised controlled trials, 46 non-randomised studies). The median percentage (interquartile range) of essential items reported for non-randomised studies compared with randomised controlled trials was 38% (25-63%) versus 44% (38-45%) for items about patients, 71% (43-86%) versus 71% (57-86%) for items considered essential for all interventions, and 38% (25-50%) versus 50% (25-50%) for items about the context of care. More than 80% of both study types were single centre studies, with one or two participating surgeons. CONCLUSION: The reporting of data related to the applicability of results was poor in published articles of both non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials and did not differ by study design. The applicability of results from the trials and studies was similar in terms of number of centres and surgeons involved and the reproducibility of the intervention.OBJECTIVE: To compare the reporting of essential applicability data from randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies evaluating four new orthopaedic surgical procedures. DATA SOURCES: Medline and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials. STUDY SELECTION: All articles of comparative studies assessing total hip or knee arthroplasty carried out by a minimally invasive approach or computer assisted navigation system. DATA EXTRACTION: Items judged to be essential for interpreting the applicability of findings about such procedures were identified by a survey of a sample of orthopaedic surgeons (77 of 512 completed the survey). Reports were evaluated for data describing these "essential" items and the number of centres and surgeons involved in the trials. When data on the number of centres and surgeons were not reported, the corresponding author of the selected trials was contacted. Results 84 articles were identified (38 randomised controlled trials, 46 non-randomised studies). The median percentage (interquartile range) of essential items reported for non-randomised studies compared with randomised controlled trials was 38% (25-63%) versus 44% (38-45%) for items about patients, 71% (43-86%) versus 71% (57-86%) for items considered essential for all interventions, and 38% (25-50%) versus 50% (25-50%) for items about the context of care. More than 80% of both study types were single centre studies, with one or two participating surgeons. CONCLUSION: The reporting of data related to the applicability of results was poor in published articles of both non-randomised studies and randomised controlled trials and did not differ by study design. The applicability of results from the trials and studies was similar in terms of number of centres and surgeons involved and the reproducibility of the intervention
Call to action for acute myocardial infarction in women: International multi-disciplinary practical roadmap
No full text\ua9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among women, and the incidence among younger women has shown the greatest increase over the last decades, in particular for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Moreover, the prognosis of women post-AMI is poor when compared with men of similar ages. Since the 1990s, an abundant literature has highlighted the existing differences between sexes with regard to presentation, burden, and impact of traditional risk factors and of risk factors pertaining predominantly to women, the perception of risk by women and men, and the pathophysiological causations, their treatment, and prognosis. These data that have been accumulated over recent years highlight several targets for improvement. The objective of this collaborative work is to define the actions required to reverse the growing incidence of AMI in women and improve the patient pathway and care, as well as the prognosis. We aim to provide practical toolkits for different health professionals involved in the care of women, so that each step, from cardiovascular risk assessment to symptom recognition, to the AMI pathway and rehabilitation, thus facilitating that from prevention to intervention of AMI, can be optimized
