837 research outputs found
Internal Migration, Selection Bias and Human Development: Evidence from Indonesia and Mexico
No full textThe aim of this paper is to measure the returns to migration using non-experimental data taking both observed and unobserved characteristics into account. A significant challenge related to migration research and the issues of unobserved heterogeneity is that the standard 2stage least squares estimator (2SLS) is strictly only applicable to situations with linear and continuous treatment and outcomes, both of which are not appropriate for models of migration and many outcomes of interest. Furthermore, migration is not always a binary process given that people migrate to city or non-city locations and some migrants do return. Introducing these multinomial treatment effects means that one cannot rely on standard 2SLS methods. Using panel data from Indonesia (Indonesia Family Life Survey—IFLS) and Mexico (Mexican Family Life Survey— MxFLS) and applying non-linear instrumental variable (Heckman’s treatment effects model) and maximum simulated likelihood models, we measure the impacts of migration on a broad range of variables that include socio economic outcomes such as consumption, nutrition, health status and emotional well-being for adult household members and health and schooling outcomes for children. We find consistent results for both countries that point to significant trade-offs related to migration. We found that migration can greatly improve socio-economic status through increases in income or consumption but can also be detrimental to the health status and emotional well-being of migrants and/or their extended families.Migration, selection, non-linear instrumental variables, consumption, socio-economic mobility, health, education
Internal Migration, Selection Bias and Human Development: Evidence from Indonesia and Mexico
No full textThe aim of this paper is to measure the returns to migration using non-experimental data taking both observed and unobserved characteristics into account. A significant challenge related to migration research and the issues of unobserved heterogeneity is that the standard 2stage least squares estimator (2SLS) is strictly only applicable to situations with linear and continuous treatment and outcomes, both of which are not appropriate for models of migration and many outcomes of interest. Furthermore, migration is not always a binary process given that people migrate to city or non-city locations and some migrants do return. Introducing these multinomial treatment effects means that one cannot rely on standard 2SLS methods. Using panel data from Indonesia (Indonesia Family Life Survey—IFLS) and Mexico (Mexican Family Life Survey— MxFLS) and applying non-linear instrumental variable (Heckman’s treatment effects model) and maximum simulated likelihood models, we measure the impacts of migration on a broad range of variables that include socio economic outcomes such as consumption, nutrition, health status and emotional well-being for adult household members and health and schooling outcomes for children. We find consistent results for both countries that point to significant trade-offs related to migration. We found that migration can greatly improve socio-economic status through increases in income or consumption but can also be detrimental to the health status and emotional well-being of migrants and/or their extended families.The aim of this paper is to measure the returns to migration using non-experimental data taking both observed and unobserved characteristics into account. A significant challenge related to migration research and the issues of unobserved heterogeneity is that the standard 2stage least squares estimator (2SLS) is strictly only applicable to situations with linear and continuous treatment and outcomes, both of which are not appropriate for models of migration and many outcomes of interest. Furthermore, migration is not always a binary process given that people migrate to city or non-city locations and some migrants do return. Introducing these multinomial treatment effects means that one cannot rely on standard 2SLS methods. Using panel data from Indonesia (Indonesia Family Life Survey—IFLS) and Mexico (Mexican Family Life Survey— MxFLS) and applying non-linear instrumental variable (Heckman’s treatment effects model) and maximum simulated likelihood models, we measure the impacts of migration on a broad range of variables that include socio economic outcomes such as consumption, nutrition, health status and emotional well-being for adult household members and health and schooling outcomes for children. We find consistent results for both countries that point to significant trade-offs related to migration. We found that migration can greatly improve socio-economic status through increases in income or consumption but can also be detrimental to the health status and emotional well-being of migrants and/or their extended families.
MILLIMETER-WAVE WIRELESS NETWORK-ON-CHIP: A CMOS COMPATIBLE INTERCONNECTION INFRASTRUCTURE FOR FUTURE MANY-CORE PROCESSORS
No full textThesis (Ph.D.), School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State UniversityMulti-core platforms are emerging trends in the design of Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). Interconnect fabrics for these multi-core SoCs play a crucial role in achieving the target performance. The Network-on-Chip (NoC) paradigm has been proposed as a promising solution for designing the interconnect fabric of multi-core SoCs. But the performance requirements of NoC infrastructures in future technology nodes cannot be met by relying only on material innovation with traditional scaling. The continuing demand for low power and high speed interconnects with technology scaling necessitates looking beyond the conventional planar metal/dielectric-based interconnect infrastructures. Among different possible alternatives, the on-chip wireless communication network is envisioned as a revolutionary methodology, capable of bringing significant performance gains for multi-core SoCs. Millimeter-wave Wireless NoCs (mWNoCs) can be designed by using miniaturized on-chip antennas as an enabling technology. On-chip CMOS compatible millimeter-wave wireless links provide high bandwidth and low power communication channels over long distances. Hence they can be used to create short cuts between distant cores on the chip to provide fast and efficient traffic freeways. From standard network topologies used in traditional NoCs we move towards nature inspired ones like the Small-World graph. Such topologies inherently have low average inter-core distances and scale very well with increase in size. In this work, design methodologies and technology requirements for scalable mWNoC architectures are presented and their performance is evaluated. It is demonstrated that mWNoCs outperform their wired counterparts in terms of network throughput and latency, and that energy dissipation improves by orders of magnitude under various experimental and real-life scenarios.Department of Electrical Engineering, Washington State Universit
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Art and Nationalism in Colonial India 1850 - 1922
No full textPartha Mitter's book is a pioneering study of the history of modern art on the Indian subcontinent from 1850 to 1922. The author tells the story of Indian art during the Raj, set against the interplay of colonialism and nationalism. The work addresses the tensions and contradictions that attended the advent of European naturalism in India, as part of the imperial design for the westernisation of the elite, and traces the artistic evolution from unquestioning westernisation to the construction of Hindu national identity. Through a wide range of literary and pictorial sources, Art and Nationalism in Colonial India balances the study of colonial cultural institutions and networks with the ideologies of the nationalist and intellectual movements which followed. The result is a book of immense significance, both in the context of South Asian history and in the wider context of art history
Essays in Experimental Economics: Labor Market Discrimination
No full texti Abstract The three chapters in this dissertation use field experiments to examine discrimination in various settings. Chapters I and II use a correspondence testing approach to study discrimination against applicants with visible tattoos in the German labor market. Previous empirical research has documented unfavorable treatment of tattooed applicants on the labor market. This may be because negative stereotypes are still associated with tattooed people, despite the increasing popularity of tattoos. However, the impact of tattoos on employment chances may be different across different occupations. Fictitious applications are sent to online job postings in the banking and IT sector. Otherwise identical applications differ only in the picture attached: in the treatment group the applicants have a visible tattoo. The extent of discrimination is measured by the difference in callback rates. The data indicates that the candidates without visible tattoos have, on average, a 13-percentage point higher callback rate in the banking sector, and in the IT sector applicants with visible tattoos are about 25% less likely to get a callback. In the third chapter we conduct a study of hiring bias on an online platform where we ask participants to make hiring decisions for a mathematically intensive task. Our findings..
Econ Hum Biol
No full textThis paper examines the relationship between increased Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP) benefits following the 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) and the diet quality of individuals from SNAP-eligible compared to ineligible (those with somewhat higher income) households using data from the 2007-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The ARRA increased SNAP monthly benefits by 13.6% of the maximum allotment for a given household size, equivalent to an increase of 144 for one-to-eight person households respectively. In the full sample, we find that these increases in SNAP benefits are not associated with changes in nutrient intake and diet quality. However, among those with no more than a high school education, higher SNAP benefits are associated with a 46% increase in the mean caloric share from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and a decrease in overall diet quality especially for those at the lower end of the diet quality distribution, amounting to a 9% decline at the 25th percentile.CC999999/ImCDC/Intramural CDC HHSUnited States
Eseje z experimentální ekonomie: Diskriminace na trhu práce
No full texti Abstrakt Ve třech kapitolách této disertační práce jsou použity terénní experimenty ke zkoumání diskriminace v různých prostředích. Kapitoly I a II využívají metodu korespondenčního testování ke studiu diskriminace uchazečů s viditelným tetováním na německém trhu práce. Předchozí empirický výzkum doložil nepříznivé zacházení s potetovanými uchazeči na trhu práce. Důvodem mohou být negativní stereotypy, které jsou s tetovanými lidmi stále spojovány, a to navzdory rostoucí popularitě tetování. Vliv tetování na šance na zaměstnání se však může u různých profesí lišit. Fiktivní žádosti jsou zasílány na internetové nabídky práce v bankovním a IT sektoru. Jinak totožné žádosti se liší pouze přiloženým obrázkem: v "treatment" skupině mají uchazeči viditelné tetování. Rozsah diskriminace se měří rozdílem v míře zpětného volání. Z údajů vyplývá, že uchazeči bez viditelného tetování mají v bankovním sektoru v průměru o 13 procentních bodů vyšší míru zpětného volání a v IT sektoru mají uchazeči s viditelným tetováním přibližně o 25 % nižší pravděpodobnost, že dostanou zpětné volání. Ve třetí kapitole provádíme studii předpojatosti při najímání zaměstnanců na online platformě, kde žádáme účastníky, aby se rozhodovali o najímání zaměstnanců pro matematicky náročnou úlohu. Naše zjištění naznačují předsudky při...i Abstract The three chapters in this dissertation use field experiments to examine discrimination in various settings. Chapters I and II use a correspondence testing approach to study discrimination against applicants with visible tattoos in the German labor market. Previous empirical research has documented unfavorable treatment of tattooed applicants on the labor market. This may be because negative stereotypes are still associated with tattooed people, despite the increasing popularity of tattoos. However, the impact of tattoos on employment chances may be different across different occupations. Fictitious applications are sent to online job postings in the banking and IT sector. Otherwise identical applications differ only in the picture attached: in the treatment group the applicants have a visible tattoo. The extent of discrimination is measured by the difference in callback rates. The data indicates that the candidates without visible tattoos have, on average, a 13-percentage point higher callback rate in the banking sector, and in the IT sector applicants with visible tattoos are about 25% less likely to get a callback. In the third chapter we conduct a study of hiring bias on an online platform where we ask participants to make hiring decisions for a mathematically intensive task. Our findings...CERGEFakulta sociálních vědFaculty of Social Science
Essays on cost-containment measures in health care
No full textThe topic of this dissertation is cost-containment measures in health care and their effects on various aspects of a patient's behavior. The dissertation consists of three chapters. In the first chapter I assess the ability of gatekeeping restrictions within insurance plans to control the utilization of medical care through their influence on the choice of the initial provider. Empirical results are based on individual-level utilization panel data from the 2001-2006 US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. I find only small differences between the types of initial provider chosen by individuals enrolled in gatekeeping and non-gatekeeping plans. Further, within gatekeeping plans, 21 percent of patients self-refer to specialists. Taken together, these findings imply that the intended cost-containment of gatekeeping - restriction of the utilization of specialist care - is surprisingly weak. The second and third chapters make use of a unique natural experiment - a policy change that implemented patient cost-sharing in the Czech Republic starting in 2008. In the second chapter, my coauthor and I investigate the effects of the introduction of lump sum copayments on the utilization of prescription drugs by elderly patients. We find that after the introduction of copayments the number of..
Determinants of access to physician services in Italy: a latent class probit approach
No full textWe examine access to general practitioners, public and private specialists in Italy.
We develop a novel model using finite mixtures of probit models that provides a
rich and flexible functional form. The mixed distribution is flexible and can accommodate non-normality of response probabilities. The empirical analysis shows that patient behavior can be clustered in two latent classes, and that it changes according to the kind of physician service demanded and the latent class to which the individual belongs. We find that income strongly influences the mix of services. Richer individuals are less likely to seek care from GP’s and more likely to seek care from specialists, and especially private specialists. Health status and
societal vulnerability are the most important indicators of class membership
New methods and strategies towards total synthesis of (9S)-dihydroerythronolide A
No full textDisclosed are studies directed towards the total synthesis of (9S)-dihydroerythronolide A. Towards this goal an advanced intermediate, 14 member bis[allene] macrolactone was synthesized. A general method of cuprate-mediated carbon nucleophile delivery to spirodiepoxides was developed. An unprecedented macrolactonization to form bis[allene] macrolactone and macrocyclic stereocontroled epoxidation of this system was achieved. In a separate study, the highly stereocontroled formation of spirodiepoxides and excellent regiocontroled spirodiepoxide opening was developed. This method relies upon the presence of a silyl substituent on the allene. This finding was applied to the total synthesis of epicitreodiol.Ph.D.Includes bibliographical references
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